参考文献

Genetic Parkinson disease (PD) has been associated with mutations in PINK1,a gene encoding a mitochondrial kinase implicated in the regulation of mitochondrial degradation. While the studies so far examined PINK1 function in non-neuronal systems or through PINK1 knockdown approaches,there is an imperative to examine the role of endogenous PINK1 in appropriate human-derived and biologically relevant cell models. Here we report the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from skin fibroblasts taken from three PD patients with nonsense (c.1366CtextgreaterT; p.Q456X) or missense (c.509TtextgreaterG; p.V170G) mutations in the PINK1 gene. These cells were differentiated into dopaminergic neurons that upon mitochondrial depolarization showed impaired recruitment of lentivirally expressed Parkin to mitochondria,increased mitochondrial copy number,and upregulation of PGC-1α,an important regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Importantly,these alterations were corrected by lentiviral expression of wild-type PINK1 in mutant iPS cell-derived PINK1 neurons. In conclusion,our studies suggest that fibroblasts from genetic PD can be reprogrammed and differentiated into neurons. These neurons exhibit distinct phenotypes that should be amenable to further mechanistic studies in this relevant biological context. View Publication

The lipocalin mouse 24p3 has been implicated in diverse physiological processes,including apoptosis,iron trafficking,development and innate immunity. Studies from our laboratory as well as others demonstrated the proapoptotic activity of 24p3 in a variety of cultured models. However,a general role for the lipocalin 24p3 in the hematopoietic system has not been tested in vivo. To study the role of 24p3,we derived 24p3 null mice and back-crossed them onto C57BL/6 and 129/SVE backgrounds. Homozygous 24p3(-/-) mice developed a progressive accumulation of lymphoid,myeloid,and erythroid cells,which was not due to enhanced hematopoiesis because competitive repopulation and recovery from myelosuppression were the same as for wild type. Instead,apoptotic defects were unique to many mature hematopoietic cell types,including neutrophils,cytokine-dependent mast cells,thymocytes,and erythroid cells. Thymocytes isolated from 24p3 null mice also displayed resistance to apoptosis-induced by dexamethasone. Bim response to various apoptotic stimuli was attenuated in 24p3(-/-) cells,thus explaining their resistance to the ensuing cell death. The results of these studies,in conjunction with those of previous studies,reveal 24p3 as a regulator of the hematopoietic compartment with important roles in normal physiology and disease progression. Interestingly,these functions are limited to relatively mature blood cell compartments. View Publication

Use of animal feeder layers and serum containing media in the derivation and propagation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can hinder clinical translation,because of the presence of xeno-material/pathogens. A defined and standardized system would be ideal for generating a homogenous population of iPSCs,which closely resembles human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This article presents a novel and extensive comparison between in-house produced iPSCs and hESCs under feeder" and "feeder-free" conditions View Publication

Small molecules that perturb developmental signaling pathways can have devastating effects on embryonic patterning,as evidenced by the chemically induced onset of cyclopic lambs and children with severely shortened limbs during the 1950s. Recent studies,however,have revealed critical roles for these pathways in human disorders and diseases,spurring the re-examination of these compounds as new targeted therapies. In this tutorial review,we describe four case studies of teratogenic compounds,including inhibitors of the Hedgehog (Hh),Wnt,and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways. We discuss how these teratogens were discovered,their mechanisms of action,their utility as molecular probes,and their potential as therapeutic agents. We also consider current challenges in the field and possible directions for future research. View Publication

PURPOSE: To develop a new oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) for glioblastoma (GBM) therapy that will be effective in glioblastoma stem cells (GSC),an important and untargeted component of GBM. One approach to enhance oHSV efficacy is by combination with other therapeutic modalities. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: MG18L,containing a U(S)3 deletion and an inactivating LacZ insertion in U(L)39,was constructed for the treatment of brain tumors. Safety was evaluated after intracerebral injection in HSV-susceptible mice. The efficacy of MG18L in human GSCs and glioma cell lines in vitro was compared with other oHSVs,alone or in combination with phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt inhibitors (LY294002,triciribine,GDC-0941,and BEZ235). Cytotoxic interactions between MG18L and PI3K/Akt inhibitors were determined using Chou-Talalay analysis. In vivo efficacy studies were conducted using a clinically relevant mouse model of GSC-derived GBM. RESULTS: MG18L was severely neuroattenuated in mice,replicated well in GSCs,and had anti-GBM activity in vivo. PI3K/Akt inhibitors displayed significant but variable antiproliferative activities in GSCs,whereas their combination with MG18L synergized in killing GSCs and glioma cell lines,but not human astrocytes,through enhanced induction of apoptosis. Importantly,synergy was independent of inhibitor sensitivity. In vivo,the combination of MG18L and LY294002 significantly prolonged survival of mice,as compared with either agent alone,achieving 50% long-term survival in GBM-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes a novel therapeutic strategy: oHSV manipulation of critical oncogenic pathways to sensitize cancer cells to molecularly targeted drugs. MG18L is a promising agent for the treatment of GBM,being especially effective when combined with PI3K/Akt pathway-targeted agents. View Publication

Markers that reliably identify cancer stem cells (CSC) in ovarian cancer could assist prognosis and improve strategies for therapy. CD133 is a reported marker of ovarian CSC. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is a reported CSC marker in several solid tumors,but it has not been studied in ovarian CSC. Here we report that dual positivity of CD133 and ALDH defines a compelling marker set in ovarian CSC. All human ovarian tumors and cell lines displayed ALDH activity. ALDH(+) cells isolated from ovarian cancer cell lines were chemoresistant and preferentially grew tumors,compared with ALDH(-) cells,validating ALDH as a marker of ovarian CSC in cell lines. Notably,as few as 1,000 ALDH(+) cells isolated directly from CD133(-) human ovarian tumors were sufficient to generate tumors in immunocompromised mice,whereas 50,000 ALDH(-) cells were unable to initiate tumors. Using ALDH in combination with CD133 to analyze ovarian cancer cell lines,we observed even greater growth in the ALDH(+)CD133(+) cells compared with ALDH(+)CD133(-) cells,suggesting a further enrichment of ovarian CSC in ALDH(+)CD133(+) cells. Strikingly,as few as 11 ALDH(+)CD133(+) cells isolated directly from human tumors were sufficient to initiate tumors in mice. Like other CSC,ovarian CSC exhibited increased angiogenic capacity compared with bulk tumor cells. Finally,the presence of ALDH(+)CD133(+) cells in debulked primary tumor specimens correlated with reduced disease-free and overall survival in ovarian cancer patients. Taken together,our findings define ALDH and CD133 as a functionally significant set of markers to identify ovarian CSCs. View Publication

BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma is a highly malignant pediatric brain tumor that requires surgery,whole brain and spine irradiation,and intense chemotherapy for treatment. A more sophisticated understanding of the pathophysiology of medulloblastoma is needed to successfully reduce the intensity of treatment and improve outcomes. Nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) is a signaling pathway that controls transcriptional activation of genes important for tight regulation of many cellular processes and is aberrantly expressed in many types of cancer. METHODS To test the importance of NFκB to medulloblastoma cell growth,the effects of multiple drugs that inhibit NFκB,pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate,diethyldithiocarbamate,sulfasalazine,curcumin and bortezomib,were studied in medulloblastoma cell lines compared to a malignant glioma cell line and normal neurons. Expression of endogenous NFκB was investigated in cultured cells,xenograft flank tumors,and primary human tumor samples. A dominant negative construct for the endogenous inhibitor of NFκB,IκB,was prepared from medulloblastoma cell lines and flank tumors were established to allow specific pathway inhibition. RESULTS We report high constitutive activity of the canonical NFκB pathway,as seen by Western analysis of the NFκB subunit p65,in medulloblastoma tumors compared to normal brain. The p65 subunit of NFκB is extremely highly expressed in xenograft tumors from human medulloblastoma cell lines; though,conversely,the same cells in culture have minimal expression without specific stimulation. We demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of NFκB in cell lines halts proliferation and leads to apoptosis. We show by immunohistochemical stain that phosphorylated p65 is found in the majority of primary tumor cells examined. Finally,expression of a dominant negative form of the endogenous inhibitor of NFκB,dnIκB,resulted in poor xenograft tumor growth,with average tumor volumes 40% smaller than controls. CONCLUSIONS These data collectively demonstrate that NFκB signaling is important for medulloblastoma tumor growth,and that inhibition can reduce tumor size and viability in vivo. We discuss the implications of NFκB signaling on the approach to managing patients with medulloblastoma in order to improve clinical outcomes. View Publication

Mast cells (MCs) play an important role in the regulation of protective adaptive immune responses against pathogens. However,it is still unclear whether MCs promote such host defense responses via direct effects on T cells or rather by modifying the functions of antigen-presenting cells. To identify the underlying mechanisms of the immunoregulatory capacity of MCs,we investigated the impact of MCs on dendritic cell (DC) maturation and function. We found that murine peritoneal MCs underwent direct crosstalk with immature DCs that induced DC maturation as evidenced by enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules. Furthermore,the MC/DC interaction resulted in the release of the T-cell modulating cytokines IFN-γ,IL-2,IL-6 and TGF-β into coculture supernatants and increased the IL-12p70,IFN-γ,IL-6 and TGF-β secretion of LPS-matured DCs. Such MC-primed" DCs subsequently induced efficient CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Surprisingly View Publication

The embryonic stem cell-specific cell cycle-regulating (ESCC) family of microRNAs (miRNAs) enhances reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Here we show that the human ESCC miRNA orthologs hsa-miR-302b and hsa-miR-372 promote human somatic cell reprogramming. Furthermore,these miRNAs repress multiple target genes,with downregulation of individual targets only partially recapitulating the total miRNA effects. These targets regulate various cellular processes,including cell cycle,epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT),epigenetic regulation and vesicular transport. ESCC miRNAs have a known role in regulating the unique embryonic stem cell cycle. We show that they also increase the kinetics of mesenchymal-epithelial transition during reprogramming and block TGFβ-induced EMT of human epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that the ESCC miRNAs promote dedifferentiation by acting on multiple downstream pathways. We propose that individual miRNAs generally act through numerous pathways that synergize to regulate and enforce cell fate decisions. View Publication

PURPOSE: Preclinical in vivo studies can help guide the selection of agents and regimens for clinical testing. However,one of the challenges in screening anticancer therapies is the assessment of off-target human toxicity. There is a need for in vivo models that can simulate efficacy and toxicities of promising therapeutic regimens. For example,hematopoietic cells of human origin are particularly sensitive to a variety of chemotherapeutic regimens,but in vivo models to assess potential toxicities have not been developed. In this study,a xenograft model containing humanized bone marrow is utilized as an in vivo assay to monitor hematotoxicity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A proof-of-concept,temozolomide-based regimen was developed that inhibits tumor xenograft growth. This regimen was selected for testing because it has been previously shown to cause myelosuppression in mice and humans. The dose-intensive regimen was administered to NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid)IL2rg(tm1Wjl)/Sz (NOD/SCID/γchain(null)),reconstituted with human hematopoietic cells,and the impact of treatment on human hematopoiesis was evaluated. RESULTS: The dose-intensive regimen resulted in significant decreases in growth of human glioblastoma xenografts. When this regimen was administered to mice containing humanized bone marrow,flow cytometric analyses indicated that the human bone marrow cells were significantly more sensitive to treatment than the murine bone marrow cells and that the regimen was highly toxic to human-derived hematopoietic cells of all lineages (progenitor,lymphoid,and myeloid). CONCLUSIONS: The humanized bone marrow xenograft model described has the potential to be used as a platform for monitoring the impact of anticancer therapies on human hematopoiesis and could lead to subsequent refinement of therapies prior to clinical evaluation. View Publication