参考文献

Structural bone allografts are widely used in the clinic to treat critical sized bone defects,despite lacking the osteoinductive characteristics of live autografts. To address this,we generated revitalized structural allografts wrapped with mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell (MSC) sheets,which were produced by expanding primary syngenic bone marrow derived cells on temperature-responsive plates,as a tissue-engineered periosteum. In vitro assays demonstrated maintenance of the MSC phenotype in the sheets,suggesting that short-term culturing of MSC sheets is not detrimental. To test their efficacy in vivo,allografts wrapped with MSC sheets were transplanted into 4-mm murine femoral defects and compared to allografts with direct seeding of MSCs and allografts without cells. Evaluations consisted of X-ray plain radiography,3D microCT,histology,and biomechanical testing at 4- and 6-weeks post-surgery. Our findings demonstrate that MSC sheets induce prolonged cartilage formation at the graft-host junction and enhanced bone callus formation,as well as graft-host osteointegration. Moreover,a large periosteal callus was observed spanning the allografts with MSC sheets,which partially mimics live autograft healing. Finally,biomechanical testing showed a significant increase in the structural and functional properties of MSC sheet grafted femurs. Taken together,MSC sheets exhibit enhanced osteogenicity during critical sized bone defect repair,demonstrating the feasibility of this tissue engineering solution for massive allograft healing. View Publication

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are becoming mainstream tools to study mechanisms of development and disease. They have a broad range of applications in understanding disease processes,in vitro testing of novel therapies,and potential utility in regenerative medicine. Although the techniques for generating iPSCs are becoming more straightforward,scientists can expend considerable resources and time to establish this technology. A major hurdle is the accurate determination of valid iPSC-like colonies that can be selected for further cloning and characterization. In this study,we describe the use of a gammaretroviral vector encoding a fluorescent marker,mRFP1,to not only monitor the efficiency of initial transduction but also to identify putative iPSC colonies through silencing of mRFP1 gene as a consequence of successful reprogramming. View Publication

BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) is a major risk factor for the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC),particularly the development of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are resistant to conventional therapies,and it is postulated that they are responsible for disease recurrence and/or progression. Because the prognoses of patients with HPV16-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC are distinct,the authors sought to determine whether differences in the number of CSCs could account for this clinical observation. METHODS CSC populations in HPV16-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC were assessed using a proprietary assay based on expression of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH),an in vitro tumorsphere formation assay,and an in vivo limiting cell dilution in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. A high-density tissue microarray was stained with ALDH1,a CSC marker,to determine the association between CSCs and HPV16-positive/HPV-negative OPSCC. RESULTS HPV16-positive HNSCC had a greater intrinsic CSC pool than HPV-negative HNSCC. Inactivation of p53 has been identified as a major mechanism for the elevated CSC population in HPV16-positive HNSCC. In vivo limiting cell dilution experiments using tumors from patients with HPV16-positive and HPV-negative OPSCC indicated that the CSC frequency was 62.5-fold greater in an HPV16-positive OPSCC tumor than in an HPV-negative OPSCC tumor. Primary tumors from patients with HPV16-positive OPSCC were associated with elevated tumor ALDH1 staining,further extending the association between HPV16 and CSCs. CONCLUSIONS The current data and the clinical observation that patients with HPV16-positive HNSCC respond more favorably to current treatment paradigms than patients with HPV-negative HNSCC support the suggestion that CSC phenotype is not homogeneous. Therefore,the reliance on the CSC number may be insufficient to accurately assess the potential of a particular tumor for disease recurrence and/or progression. View Publication

The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of motorneuron diseases characterized by progressive spasticity and paresis of the lower limbs. Mutations in Spastic Gait 4 (SPG4),encoding spastin,are the most frequent cause of HSP. To understand how mutations in SPG4 affect human neurons,we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from fibroblasts of two patients carrying a c.1684CtextgreaterT nonsense mutation and from two controls. These SPG4 and control hiPSCs were able to differentiate into neurons and glia at comparable efficiency. All known spastin isoforms were reduced in SPG4 neuronal cells. The complexity of SPG4 neurites was decreased,which was paralleled by an imbalance of axonal transport with less retrograde movement. Prominent neurite swellings with disrupted microtubules were present in SPG4 neurons at an ultrastructural level. While some of these swellings contain acetylated and detyrosinated tubulin,these tubulin modifications were unchanged in total cell lysates of SPG4 neurons. Upregulation of another microtubule-severing protein,p60 katanin,may partially compensate for microtubuli dynamics in SPG4 neurons. Overexpression of the M1 or M87 spastin isoforms restored neurite length,branching,numbers of primary neurites and reduced swellings in SPG4 neuronal cells. We conclude that neurite complexity and maintenance in HSP patient-derived neurons are critically sensitive to spastin gene dosage. Our data show that elevation of single spastin isoform levels is sufficient to restore neurite complexity and reduce neurite swellings in patient cells. Furthermore,our human model offers an ideal platform for pharmacological screenings with the goal to restore physiological spastin levels in SPG4 patients. View Publication

Recurrent chromosomal alterations have been repeatedly reported in cultured human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The effects of these alterations on the capability of pluripotent cells to differentiate and on growth potential of their specific differentiated derivatives remain unclear. Here,we report that the hESC lines HUES-7 and -9 carrying multiple chromosomal alterations produce in vitro mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that show progressive growth arrest and enter senescence after 15 and 16 passages,respectively. There was no difference in their proliferative potential when compared with bone marrow-derived MSCs. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis (aCGH) of hESCs and their mesenchymal derivatives revealed no significant differences in chromosomal alterations,suggesting that genetically altered hESCs are not selected out during differentiation. Our findings indicate that genetically unstable hESCs maintain their capacity to differentiate in vitro into MSCs,which exhibit an in vitro growth pattern of normal MSCs and not that of transformed cells. View Publication

The DNA damage response (DDR) alerts the immune system to the danger posed by DNA damage through the induction of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules,chemokines,and ligands for activating immune receptors such as lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1),NKG2D,and DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1). Here we provide evidence that OVA(257-264) -pulsed fibroblasts gain the ability to activate naïve OT-I CD8(+) T cells in response to DNA damage. The ability of fibroblasts to activate OT-I CD8(+) T cells depended on the upregulation of ICAM-1 on fibroblasts and DNAM-1 expression of CD8(+) T cells. OVA(257-264) -pulsed fibroblasts were able to induce a protective T-cell response against B16-OVA cells in a DDR-dependent manner. Hence,the DDR may alert the immune system to the presence of potentially dangerous cells by upregulating the expression of ligands that can induce the activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. View Publication

Many studies have compared the genetic and epigenetic profiles of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and yet the picture remains unclear. To address this,we derived a population of neural precursor cells (NPCs) from the H1 (WA01) hESC line and generated isogenic iPSC lines by reprogramming. The gene expression and methylation profile of three lines were compared to the parental line and intermediate NPC population. We found no gene probe with expression that differed significantly between hESC and iPSC samples under undifferentiated or differentiated conditions. Analysis of the global methylation pattern also showed no significant difference between the two PSC populations. Both undifferentiated populations were distinctly different from the intermediate NPC population in both gene expression and methylation profiles. One point to note is that H1 is a male line and so extrapolation to female lines should be cautioned. However,these data confirm our previous findings that there are no significant differences between hESCs and hiPSCs at the gene expression or methylation level. View Publication

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) constitute a promising resource for use in cell-based therapies and a valuable in vitro model for studying early human development and disease. Despite significant advancements in the derivation of specific fates from hPSCs,the generation of skeletal muscle remains challenging and is mostly dependent on transgene expression. Here,we describe a method based on the use of a small-molecule GSK3?? inhibitor to derive skeletal muscle from several hPSC lines. We show that early GSK3?? inhibition is sufficient to create the conditions necessary for highly effective derivation of muscle cells. Moreover,we developed a strategy for stringent fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based purification of emerging PAX3+/PAX7+ muscle precursors that are able to differentiate in postsort cultures into mature myocytes. This transgene-free,efficient protocol provides an essential tool for producing myogenic cells for in vivo preclinical studies,in vitro screenings,and disease modeling. ?? 2013 The Authors. View Publication

The airway epithelium constitutes an essential immunological and cytoprotective barrier to inhaled insults,such as cigarette smoke,environmental particles,or viruses. Although bronchial epithelial integrity is crucial for airway homeostasis,defective epithelial barrier function contributes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Tight junctions at the apical side of epithelial cell-cell contacts determine epithelial permeability. Cigarette smoke exposure,the major risk factor for COPD,is suggested to impair tight junction integrity; however,detailed mechanisms thereof remain elusive. We investigated whether cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-$$1 affected tight junction integrity. Exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o(-)) and differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pHBECs) to CSE significantly disrupted tight junction integrity and barrier function. Specifically,CSE decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and tight junction-associated protein levels. Zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and ZO-2 protein levels were significantly reduced and dislocated from the cell membrane,as observed by fractionation and immunofluorescence analysis. These findings were reproduced in isolated bronchi exposed to CSE ex vivo,as detected by real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and immunohistochemistry. Combined treatment of 16HBE14o(-) cells or pHBECs with CSE and TGF-$$1 restored ZO-1 and ZO-2 levels. TGF-$$1 cotreatment restored membrane localization of ZO-1 and ZO-2 protein and prevented CSE-mediated TEER decrease. In conclusion,CSE led to the disruption of tight junctions of human bronchial epithelial cells,and TGF-$$1 counteracted this CSE-induced effect. Thus,TGF-$$1 may serve as a protective factor for bronchial epithelial cell homeostasis in diseases such as COPD. View Publication

Mammary epithelial stem cells are fundamental to maintain tissue integrity. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in both treatment resistance and disease relapse,and the molecular bases of their malignant properties are still poorly understood. Here we show that both normal stem cells and CSCs of the breast are controlled by the prolyl-isomerase Pin1. Mechanistically,following interaction with Pin1,Notch1 and Notch4,key regulators of cell fate,escape from proteasomal degradation by their major ubiquitin-ligase Fbxw7$$. Functionally,we show that Fbxw7$$ acts as an essential negative regulator of breast CSCs' expansion by restraining Notch activity,but the establishment of a Notch/Pin1 active circuitry opposes this effect,thus promoting breast CSCs self-renewal,tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. In human breast cancers,despite Fbxw7$$ expression,high levels of Pin1 sustain Notch signaling,which correlates with poor prognosis. Suppression of Pin1 holds promise in reverting aggressive phenotypes,through CSC exhaustion as well as recovered drug sensitivity carrying relevant implications for therapy of breast cancers. View Publication

The embryonic neuroepithelium gives rise to the entire central nervous system in vivo,making it an important tissue for developmental studies and a prospective cell source for regenerative applications. Current protocols for deriving homogenous neuroepithelial cultures from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) consist of either embryoid body-mediated neuralization followed by a manual isolation step or adherent differentiation using small molecule inhibitors. Here,we report that hPSCs maintained under chemically defined,feeder-independent,and xeno-free conditions can be directly differentiated into pure neuroepithelial cultures ([mt]90% Pax6(+)/N-cadherin(+) with widespread rosette formation) within 6 days under adherent conditions,without small molecule inhibitors,and using only minimalistic medium consisting of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F-12,sodium bicarbonate,selenium,ascorbic acid,transferrin,and insulin (i.e.,E6 medium). Furthermore,we provide evidence that the defined culture conditions enable this high level of neural conversion in contrast to hPSCs maintained on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). In addition,hPSCs previously maintained on MEFs could be rapidly converted to a neural compliant state upon transfer to these defined conditions while still maintaining their ability to generate all three germ layers. Overall,this fully defined and scalable protocol should be broadly useful for generating therapeutic neural cells for regenerative applications. View Publication

Unresectable metastatic bone sarcoma and soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) are incurable due to the inability to eradicate chemoresistant cancer stem-like cells (sCSC) that are likely responsible for relapses and drug resistance. In this study,we investigated the preclinical activity of patient-derived cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells against autologous bone sarcoma and STS,including against putative sCSCs. Tumor killing was evaluated both in vitro and within an immunodeficient mouse model of autologous sarcoma. To identify putative sCSCs,autologous bone sarcoma and STS cells were engineered with a CSC detector vector encoding eGFP under the control of the human promoter for OCT4,a stem cell gene activated in putative sCSCs. Using CIK cells expanded from 21 patients,we found that CIK cells efficiently killed allogeneic and autologous sarcoma cells in vitro. Intravenous infusion of CIK cells delayed autologous tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. Further in vivo analyses established that CIK cells could infiltrate tumors and that tumor growth inhibition occurred without an enrichment of sCSCs relative to control-treated animals. These results provide preclinical proof-of-concept for an effective strategy to attack autologous sarcomas,including putative sCSCs,supporting the clinical development of CIK cells as a novel class of immunotherapy for use in settings of untreatable metastatic disease. View Publication