参考文献

Human brain development exhibits several unique aspects,such as increased complexity and expansion of neuronal output,that have proven difficult to study in model organisms. As a result,in vitro approaches to model human brain development and disease are an intense area of research. Here we describe a recently established protocol for generating 3D brain tissue,so-called cerebral organoids,which closely mimics the endogenous developmental program. This method can easily be implemented in a standard tissue culture room and can give rise to developing cerebral cortex,ventral telencephalon,choroid plexus and retinal identities,among others,within 1-2 months. This straightforward protocol can be applied to developmental studies,as well as to the study of a variety of human brain diseases. Furthermore,as organoids can be maintained for more than 1 year in long-term culture,they also have the potential to model later events such as neuronal maturation and survival. View Publication

Cryopreservation is the use of low temperatures to preserve structurally intact living cells. The cells that survive the thermodynamic journey from the 37 °C incubator to the -196 °C liquid nitrogen storage tank are free from the influences of time. Thus,cryopreservation is a critical component of cell culture and cell manufacturing protocols. Successful cryopreservation of human cells requires that the cells be derived from patient samples that are collected in a standardized manner,and carefully handled from blood draw through cell isolation. Furthermore,proper equipment must be in place to ensure consistency,reproducibility,and sterility. In addition,the correct choice and amount of cryoprotectant agent must be added at the correct temperature,and a controlled rate of freezing (most commonly 1 °C/min) must be applied prior to a standardized method of cryogenic storage. This appendix describes how human primary cells can be frozen for long-term storage and thawed for growth in a tissue culture vessel. View Publication

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are proving to be a valuable source of endothelial cells (ECs),pericytes,and vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs). Although an increasing number of phenotypic markers are becoming available to determine the phenotypes of these cells in vitro,the ability to integrate and form functional vessels in the host organism,typically mouse,remains critical for the assessment of EC functional competence. However,current mouse models require relatively large numbers of cells that might be difficult to derive simultaneously from multiple hPSCs lines. Therefore,there is an urgent need for new functional assays that are robust and can be performed with small numbers of cells. Here we describe a novel zebrafish xenograft model to test functionality of hPSC-derived ECs. The assay can be performed in 10 days and requires only ˜100-400 human cells per embryo. Thus,the zebrafish xenograft model can be useful for the accurate and rapid assessment of functionality of hPSC-derived ECs in a lower vertebrate model that is widely viewed by regulatory authorities as a more acceptable alternative to adult mice. View Publication

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (iPSC-CM)-based assays are emerging as a promising tool for the in vitro preclinical screening of QT interval-prolonging side effects of drugs in development. A major impediment to the widespread use of human iPSC-CM assays is the low throughput of the currently available electrophysiological tools. To test the precision and applicability of the near-infrared fluorescent voltage-sensitive dye 1-(4-sulfanatobutyl)-4-β[2-(di-n-butylamino)-6-naphthyl]butadienylquinolinium betaine (di-4-ANBDQBS) for moderate-throughput electrophysiological analyses,we compared simultaneous transmembrane voltage and optical action potential (AP) recordings in human iPSC-CM loaded with di-4-ANBDQBS. Optical AP recordings tracked transmembrane voltage with high precision,generating nearly identical values for AP duration (AP durations at 10%,50%,and 90% repolarization). Human iPSC-CMs tolerated repeated laser exposure,with stable optical AP parameters recorded over a 30-min study period. Optical AP recordings appropriately tracked changes in repolarization induced by pharmacological manipulation. Finally,di-4-ANBDQBS allowed for moderate-throughput analyses,increasing throughput textgreater10-fold over the traditional patch-clamp technique. We conclude that the voltage-sensitive dye di-4-ANBDQBS allows for high-precision optical AP measurements that markedly increase the throughput for electrophysiological characterization of human iPSC-CMs. View Publication

In this study,we focused on two biological products as ideal tools for toxicological assessment: long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). lncRNAs are an important class of pervasive non-protein-coding transcripts involved in the molecular mechanisms associated with responses to cellular stresses. hiPSCs possess the capabilities of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types,and they are free of the ethical issues associated with human embryonic stem cells. Here,we identified six novel lncRNAs (CDKN2B-AS1,MIR22HG,GABPB1-AS1,FLJ33630,LINC00152,and LINC0541471v2) that respond to model chemical stresses (cycloheximide,hydrogen peroxide,cadmium,or arsenic) in hiPSCs. Our results indicated that the lncRNAs responded to general and specific chemical stresses. Compared with typical mRNAs such as p53-related mRNAs,the lncRNAs highly and rapidly responded to chemical stresses. We propose that these lncRNAs have the potential to be surrogate indicators of chemical stress responses in hiPSCs. View Publication

Trisomy 21 is the most common chromosomal abnormality and is associated primarily with cardiovascular,hematological,and neurological complications. A robust patient-derived cellular model is necessary to investigate the pathophysiology of the syndrome because current animal models are limited and access to tissues from affected individuals is ethically challenging. We aimed to derive induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from trisomy 21 human mid-trimester amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) and describe their hematopoietic and neurological characteristics. Human AFSCs collected from women undergoing prenatal diagnosis were selected for c-KIT(+) and transduced with a Cre-lox-inducible polycistronic lentiviral vector encoding SOX2,OCT4,KLF-4,and c-MYC (50,000 cells at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1-5 for 72 h). The embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like properties of the AFSC-derived iPSCs were established in vitro by embryoid body formation and in vivo by teratoma formation in RAG2(-/-),$\$-chain(-/-),C2(-/-) immunodeficient mice. Reprogrammed cells retained their cytogenetic signatures and differentiated into specialized hematopoietic and neural precursors detected by morphological assessment,immunostaining,and RT-PCR. Additionally,the iPSCs expressed all pluripotency markers upon multiple rounds of freeze-thawing. These findings are important in establishing a patient-specific cellular platform of trisomy 21 to study the pathophysiology of the aneuploidy and for future drug discovery. View Publication

Chromatin structure determines DNA accessibility. We compare nucleosome occupancy in mouse and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs),induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and differentiated cell types using MNase-seq. To address variability inherent in this technique,we developed a bioinformatic approach to identify regions of difference (RoD) in nucleosome occupancy between pluripotent and somatic cells. Surprisingly,most chromatin remains unchanged; a majority of rearrangements appear to affect a single nucleosome. RoDs are enriched at genes and regulatory elements,including enhancers associated with pluripotency and differentiation. RoDs co-localize with binding sites of key developmental regulators,including the reprogramming factors Klf4,Oct4/Sox2 and c-Myc. Nucleosomal landscapes in ESC enhancers are extensively altered,exhibiting lower nucleosome occupancy in pluripotent cells than in somatic cells. Most changes are reset during reprogramming. We conclude that changes in nucleosome occupancy are a hallmark of cell differentiation and reprogramming and likely identify regulatory regions essential for these processes. View Publication

The efficacy of donor HSCT is partly reduced as a result of slow post-transplantation immune recovery. In particular,T cell regeneration is generally delayed,resulting in high infection-related mortality in the first years post-transplantation. Adoptive transfer of in vitro-generated human T cell progenitors seems a promising approach to accelerate T cell recovery in immunocompromised patients. AA may enhance T cell proliferation and differentiation in a controlled,feeder-free environment containing Notch ligands and defined growth factors. Our experiments show a pivotal role for AA during human in vitro T cell development. The blocking of NOS diminished this effect,indicating a role for the citrulline/NO cycle. AA promotes the transition of proT1 to proT2 cells and of preT to DP T cells. Furthermore,the addition of AA to feeder cocultures resulted in development of DP and SP T cells,whereas without AA,a preT cell-stage arrest occurred. We conclude that neither DLL4-expressing feeder cells nor feeder cell conditioned media are required for generating DP T cells from CB and G-CSF-mobilized HSCs and that generation and proliferation of proT and DP T cells are greatly improved by AA. This technology could potentially be used to generate T cell progenitors for adoptive therapy. View Publication

Kidney fibrosis is a common feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD). A recent study suggests that abnormal Notch signaling activation contributes to the development of renal fibrosis. However,the molecular mechanism that regulates this process remains unexplored. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or sham-operated C57BL6 mice (aged 10 weeks) were randomly assigned to receive dibenzazepine (DBZ,250 μg/100g/d) or vehicle for 7 days. Histologic examinations were performed on the kidneys using Masson's trichrome staining and immunohistochemistry. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis were used for detection of mRNA expression and protein phosphorylation. The expression of Notch 1,3,and 4,Notch intracellular domain (NICD),and its target genes Hes1 and HeyL were upregulated in UUO mice,while the increase in NICD protein was significantly attenuated by DBZ. After 7 days,the severity of renal fibrosis and expression of fibrotic markers,including collagen 1α1/3α1,fibronectin,and α-smooth muscle actin,were markedly increased in UUO compared with sham mice. In contrast,administration of DBZ markedly attenuated these effects. Furthermore,DBZ significantly inhibited UUO-induced expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β,phosphorylated Smad 2,and Smad 3. Mechanistically,Notch signaling activation in tubular epithelial cells enhanced fibroblast proliferation and activation in a coculture experiment. Our study provides evidence that Notch signaling is implicated in renal fibrogenesis. The Notch inhibitor DBZ can ameliorate this process via inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway,and might be a novel drug for preventing chronic kidney disease. View Publication

Despite significant advances in commercially available media and kits and the differentiation approaches for human neural stem cell (NSC) generation,NSC production from the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) is complicated by its time-consuming procedure,complex medium composition,and purification step. In this study,we developed a convenient and simplified NSC production protocol to meet the demand of NSC production. We demonstrated that NSCs can be generated efficiently without requirement of specific small molecules or embryoid body formation stage. Our experimental results suggest that a short suspension culture period may facilitate ectoderm lineage specification rather than endoderm or mesoderm lineage specification from hPSCs. The method developed in this study shortens the turnaround time of NSC production from both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiation. It provides a straightforward and useful strategy for generating NSCs that can benefit a wide range of research applications for human brain research. View Publication