参考文献

A high proportion of the CD34+CD38- cells in normal human marrow are defined as long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) because they can proliferate and differentiate when co-cultured with cytokine-producing stromal feeder layers. In contrast,very few CD34+CD38- cells will divide in cytokine-containing methylcellulose and thus are not classifiable as direct colony-forming cells (CFC),although most can proliferate in serum-free liquid cultures containing certain soluble cytokines. Analysis of the effects of 16 cytokines on CD34+CD38- cells in the latter type of culture showed that Flt3-ligand (FL),Steel factor (SF),and interleukin (IL)-3 were both necessary and sufficient to obtain an approximately 30-fold amplification of the input LTC-IC population within 10 d. As single factors,only FL and thrombopoietin (TPO) stimulated a net increase in LTC-IC within 10 d. Interestingly,a significantly increased proportion of the CFC produced from the TPO-amplified LTC-IC were erythroid. Increases in the number of directly detectable CFC of textgreater 500-fold were also obtainable within 10 d in serum-free cultures of CD34+CD38- cells. However,this required the presence of IL-6 and/or granulocyte/colony-stimulating factor and/or nerve growth factor beta in addition to FL,SF,and IL-3. Also,for this response,the most potent single-acting factor tested was IL-3,not FL. Identification of cytokine combinations that differentially stimulate primitive human hematopoietic cell self-renewal and lineage determination should facilitate analysis of the intracellular pathways that regulate these decisions as well as the development of improved ex vivo expansion and gene transfer protocols. View Publication

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades represent one of the major signal systems used by eukaryotic cells to transduce extracellular signals into cellular responses. Four MAP kinase subgroups have been identified in humans: ERK,JNK (SAPK),ERK5 (BMK),and p38. Here we characterize a new MAP kinase,p38beta. p38beta is a 372-amino acid protein most closely related to p38. It contains a TGY dual phosphorylation site,which is required for its kinase activity. Like p38,p38beta is activated by proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress. A comparison of events associated with the activation of p38beta and p38 revealed differences,most notably in the preferred activation of p38beta by MAP kinase kinase 6 (MKK6),whereas p38 was activated nearly equally by MKK3,MKK4,and MKK6. Moreover,in vitro and in vivo experiments showed a strong substrate preference by p38beta for activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2). Enhancement of ATF2-dependent gene expression by p38beta was approximately20-fold greater than that of p38 and other MAP kinases tested. The data reported here suggest that while closely related,p38beta and p38 may be regulated by differing mechanisms and may exert their actions on separate downstream targets. View Publication

Wortmannin at nanomolar concentrations is a potent and specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase and has been used extensively to demonstrate the role of this enzyme in diverse signal transduction processes. At higher concentrations,wortmannin inhibits the ataxia telangiectasia gene (ATM)-related DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs). We report here the identification of the site of interaction of wortmannin on the catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase,p110alpha. At physiological pH (6.5 to 8) wortmannin reacted specifically with p110alpha. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate,ATP,and ATP analogs [adenine and 5'-(4-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenine] competed effectively with wortmannin,while substances containing nucleophilic amino acid side chain functions had no effect at the same concentrations. This suggests that the wortmannin target site is localized in proximity to the substrate-binding site and that residues involved in wortmannin binding have an increased nucleophilicity because of their protein environment. Proteolytic fragments of wortmannin-treated,recombinant p110alpha were mapped with anti-wortmannin and anti-p110alpha peptide antibodies,thus limiting the target site within a 10-kDa fragment,colocalizing with the ATP-binding site. Site-directed mutagenesis of all candidate residues within this region showed that only the conservative Lys-802-to-Arg mutation abolished wortmannin binding. Inhibition of PI 3-kinase occurs,therefore,by the formation of an enamine following the attack of Lys-802 on the furan ring (at C-20) of wortmannin. The Lys-802-to-Arg mutant was also unable to bind FSBA and was catalytically inactive in lipid and protein kinase assays,indicating a crucial role for Lys-802 in the phosphotransfer reaction. In contrast,an Arg-916-to-Pro mutation abolished the catalytic activity whereas covalent wortmannin binding remained intact. Our results provide the basis for the design of novel and specific inhibitors of an enzyme family,including PI kinases and ATM-related genes,that play a central role in many physiological processes. View Publication

A 145-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated protein that becomes associated with Shc in response to multiple cytokines has been purified from the murine hemopoietic cell line B6SUtA1. Amino acid sequence data were used to clone the cDNA encoding this protein from a B6SUtA1 library. The predicted amino acid sequence encodes a unique protein containing an N-terminal src homology 2 domain,two consensus sequences that are targets for phosphotyrosine binding domains,a proline-rich region,and two motifs highly conserved among inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases. Cell lysates immunoprecipitated with antiserum to this protein exhibited both phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity. This novel signal transduction intermediate may serve to modulate both Ras and inositol signaling pathways. Based on its properties,we suggest the 145-kDa protein be called SHIP for SH2-containing inositol phosphatase. View Publication

A major goal of experimental and clinical hematology is the identification of mechanisms and conditions that support the expansion of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells. In normal marrow,such cells appear to be identical to (or represent a subset of) a population referred to as long-term-culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) so-named because of their ability to produce colony-forming cell (CFC) progeny for textgreater or = 5 weeks when cocultured with stromal fibroblasts. Some expansion of LTC-ICs in vitro has recently been described,but identification of the factors required and whether LTC-IC self-renewal divisions are involved have remained unresolved issues. To address these issues,we examined the maintenance and/or generation of LTC-ICs from single CD34+ CD38- cells cultured for variable periods under different culture conditions. Analysis of the progeny obtained from cultures containing a feeder layer of murine fibroblasts engineered to produce steel factor,interleukin (IL)-3,and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor showed that approximately 20% of the input LTC-ICs (representing approximately 2% of the original CD34+ CD38- cells) executed self-renewal divisions within a 6-week period. Incubation of the same CD34+ CD38- starting populations as single cells in a defined (serum free) liquid medium supplemented with Flt-3 ligand,steel factor,IL-3,IL-6,granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,and nerve growth factor resulted in the proliferation of initial cells to produce clones of from 4 to 1000 cells within 10 days,approximately 40% of which included textgreater or = 1 LTC-IC. In contrast,in similar cultures containing methylcellulose,input LTC-ICs appeared to persist but not divide. Overall the LTC-IC expansion in the liquid cultures was 30-fold in the first 10 days and 50-fold by the end of another 1-3 weeks. Documentation of human LTC-IC self-renewal in vitro and identification of defined conditions that permit their extensive and rapid amplification should facilitate analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes and their exploitation for a variety of therapeutic applications. View Publication

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common cancer of childhood. Despite the progress achieved in its treatment,20% of cases relapse and no longer respond to chemotherapy. The most common phenotype of ALL cells share surface antigens with very early precursors of B cells and are therefore believed to originate from this lineage. Characterization of the growth requirement of ALL cells indicated that they were dependent on various cytokines,suggesting paracrine and/or autocrine growth regulation. Because many cytokines induce tyrosine phosphorylation in lymphoid progenitor cells,and constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation is commonly observed in B-lineage leukaemias,attempts have been made to develop protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) blockers of leukaemia cell growth. Here we show that leukaemic cells from patients in relapse have constitutively activated Jak-2 PTK. Inhibition of Jak-2 activity by a specific tyrosine kinase blocker,AG-490,selectively blocks leukaemic cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing programmed cell death,with no deleterious effect on normal haematopoiesis. View Publication

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The available techniques for directed gene manipulation in the mouse are unprecedented in any multicellular organism and make the mouse an invaluable tool for unraveling all aspects of mammalian biology. To realize fully the potential of these genetic tools requires that phenotypic analysis be efficient,rapid,and complete. Genetic chimeras and mosaics,in which mutant cells are mixed with wild-type cells,can be used to augment standard analysis of intact mutant animals and alleviate the time required and the expense involved in generating and maintaining multiple strains of mutant mice. View Publication

The bcr-abl oncogene,present in 95% of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML),has been implicated as the cause of this disease. A compound,designed to inhibit the Abl protein tyrosine kinase,was evaluated for its effects on cells containing the Bcr-Abl fusion protein. Cellular proliferation and tumor formation by Bcr-Abl-expressing cells were specifically inhibited by this compound. In colony-forming assays of peripheral blood or bone marrow from patients with CML,there was a 92-98% decrease in the number of bcr-abl colonies formed but no inhibition of normal colony formation. This compound may be useful in the treatment of bcr-abl-positive leukemias. View Publication

In cultures of embryonic striatum,we previously reported that EGF induces the proliferation of single precursor cells,which give rise to spheres of undifferentiated cells that can generate neurons and glia. We report here that,in vitro,these embryonic precursor cells exhibit properties and satisfy criteria representative of stem cells. The EGF-responsive cell was able to generate the three major phenotypes of the mammalian CNS--neurons,astrocytes,and oligodendrocytes. Approximately 90% of both primary spheres and secondary expanded clones,derived from the primary spheres,contained all three cell types. The increase in frequency of EGF-generated spheres,from 1% in primary culture to close to 20% in secondary culture,and the large number of clonally derived secondary spheres that could be generated from a single primary sphere indicate that EGF induces both renewal and expansion of the precursor cell itself. In population studies,the EGF-responsive cells were carried through 10 passages,resulting in a 10(7)-fold increase in cell number,without losing their proliferative and multilineage potential. Thus,this study describes the first demonstration,through clonal and population analyses in vitro,of a mammalian CNS stem cell that proliferates in response to an identified growth factor (EGF) and produces the three principal cell types of the CNS. View Publication