参考文献

Neutrophils are the first immune cells to kill invading microbes at sites of infection using a variety of processes,including the release of proteases,phagocytosis and the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NET formation,or NETosis,is a specific and highly efficient process,which is induced by a variety of stimuli leading to expulsion of DNA,proteases and antimicrobial peptides to the extracellular space. However,uncontrolled NETosis may lead to adverse effects and exert tissue damage in pathological conditions. Here,we show that the ATP channel pannexin1 (Panx1) is functionally expressed by bone marrow-derived neutrophils (BMDNs) of wild-type (WT) mice and that ATP contributes to NETosis induced in vitro by the calcium ionophore A23187 or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Interestingly,neutrophils isolated from Panx1-/- mice showed reduced and/or delayed induction of NETosis. Brilliant blue FCF dye (BB-FCF),a Panx1 channel inhibitor,decreased NETosis in wild-type neutrophils to the extent observed in Panx1-/- neutrophils. Thus,we demonstrate that ATP and Panx1 channels contribute to NETosis and may represent a therapeutic target. View Publication

Mask family proteins were discovered in Drosophila to promote the activity of the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki),the sole fly homolog of mammalian YAP (YAP1) and TAZ (WWTR1). The molecular function of Mask,or its mammalian homologs Mask1 (ANKHD1) and Mask2 (ANKRD17),remains unclear. Mask family proteins contain two ankyrin repeat domains that bind Yki/YAP as well as a conserved nuclear localisation sequence (NLS) and nuclear export sequence (NES),suggesting a role in nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. Here we show that Mask acts to promote nuclear import of Yki,and that addition of an ectopic NLS to Yki is sufficient to bypass the requirement for Mask in Yki-driven tissue growth. Mammalian Mask1/2 proteins also promote nuclear import of YAP,as well as stabilising YAP and driving formation of liquid droplets. Mask1/2 and YAP normally colocalise in a granular fashion in both nucleus and cytoplasm,and are co-regulated during mechanotransduction. View Publication

Exosomes are nanosized membranous vesicles secreted by a variety of cells. Due to their unique and pharmacologically important properties,cell-derived exosome nanoparticles have drawn significant interest for drug development. By genetically modifying exosomes with two distinct types of surface-displayed monoclonal antibodies,we have developed an exosome platform termed synthetic multivalent antibodies retargeted exosome (SMART-Exo) for controlling cellular immunity. Here,we apply this approach to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-expressing breast cancer by engineering exosomes through genetic display of both anti-human CD3 and anti-human HER2 antibodies,resulting in SMART-Exos dually targeting T cell CD3 and breast cancer-associated HER2 receptors. By redirecting and activating cytotoxic T cells toward attacking HER2-expressing breast cancer cells,the designed SMART-Exos exhibited highly potent and specific anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. This work demonstrates preclinical feasibility of utilizing endogenous exosomes for targeted breast cancer immunotherapy and the SMART-Exos as a broadly applicable platform technology for the development of next-generation immuno-nanomedicines. View Publication

PURPOSE We investigated the effect of the racemic $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate precursor,R,S-1,3-butanediol (BD),on T-cell-related cytokine gene expression within stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) following prolonged,strenuous exercise. METHODS A repeated-measures,randomised,crossover study was conducted in nine healthy,trained male cyclists (age,26.7 ± 5.2 years; VO2peak,63.9 ± 2.5 mL kg-1 min-1). Participants ingested 0.35 g kg-1 of BD or placebo 30 min before and 60 min during 85 min of steady-state (SS) exercise,which preceded a {\~{}} 30 min time-trial (TT) (7 kJ kg-1). Blood samples were collected at pre-supplement,pre-exercise,post-SS,post-TT and 1-h post-TT. Whole blood cultures were stimulated with Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) for 24 h to determine T-cell-related interleukin (IL)-4,IL-10 and interferon (IFN)-$\gamma$ mRNA expression within isolated PBMCs in vitro. RESULTS Serum cortisol,total circulating leukocyte and lymphocyte,and T-cell subset concentrations were similar between trials during exercise and recovery (all p {\textgreater} 0.05). BD ingestion increased T-cell-related IFN-$\gamma$ mRNA expression compared with placebo throughout exercise and recovery (p = 0.011); however,IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression and the IFN-$\gamma$/IL-4 mRNA expression ratio were unaltered (all p {\textgreater} 0.05). CONCLUSION Acute hyperketonaemia appears to transiently amplify the initiation of the pro-inflammatory T-cell-related IFN-$\gamma$ response to an immune challenge in vitro during and following prolonged,strenuous exercise; suggesting enhanced type-1 T-cell immunity at the gene level. View Publication

Although a link between the gut microbiota and alcohol-related liver diseases (ALDs) has previously been suggested,the causative effects of specific taxa and their functions have not been fully investigated to date. Here,we analyze the gut microbiota of 410 fecal samples from 212 Korean twins by using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scales to adjust for host genetics. This analysis revealed a strong association between low AUDIT scores and the abundance of the butyrate-producing genus Roseburia. When Roseburia spp. are administered to ALD murine models,both hepatic steatosis and inflammation significantly improve regardless of bacterial viability. Specifically,the flagellin of R. intestinalis,possibly through Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) recognition,recovers gut barrier integrity through upregulation of the tight junction protein Occludin and helps to restore the gut microbiota through elevated expression of IL-22 and REG3$\gamma$. Our study demonstrates that Roseburia spp. improve the gut ecosystem and prevent leaky gut,leading to ameliorated ALDs. View Publication

CRISPR/Cas is a transformative gene editing tool,that offers a simple and effective way to target a catalytic Cas9,the most widely used is derived from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9),with a complementary small guide RNA (sgRNA) to inactivate endogenous genes resulting from insertions and deletions (indels). CRISPR/Cas9 has been rapidly applied to basic research as well as expanded for potential clinical applications. Utilization of spCas9 as an ribonuclearprotein complex (RNP) is considered the most safe and effective method to apply Cas9 technology,and the efficacy of this system is critically dependent on the ability of Cas9 to generate high levels of indels. We find here that novel sequence changes to the tracrRNA significantly improves Cas9 activity when delivered as an RNP. We demonstrate that a dual-guide RNA (dgRNA) with a modified tracrRNA can improve reporter knockdown and indel formation at several targets within the long terminal repeat (LTR) of HIV. Furthermore,the sequence-modified tracrRNAs improved Cas9-mediated reduction of CCR5 surface receptor expression in cell lines,which correlated with higher levels of indel formation. It was demonstrated that a Cas9 RNP with a sequence modified tracrRNA enhanced indel formation at the CCR5 target site in primary CD4+ T-cells. Finally,we show improved activity at two additional targets within the HBB locus and the BCL11A GATA site. Overall,the data presented here suggests that novel facile tracrRNA sequence changes could potentially be integrated with current dgRNA technology,and open up the possibility for the development of sequence modified tracrRNAs to improve Cas9 RNP activity. View Publication

Many adult tissues contain resident stem cells,such as the Pax7+ satellite cells within skeletal muscle,that regenerate parenchymal elements following damage. Tissue-resident mesenchymal progenitors (MPs) also participate in regeneration,although their function and fate in this process are unclear. Here,we identify Hypermethylated in cancer 1 (Hic1) as a marker of MPs in skeletal muscle and further show that Hic1 deletion leads to MP hyperplasia. Single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq analysis of Hic1+ MPs in skeletal muscle shows multiple subpopulations,which we further show have distinct functions and lineage potential. Hic1+ MPs orchestrate multiple aspects of skeletal muscle regeneration by providing stage-specific immunomodulation and trophic and mechanical support. During muscle regeneration,Hic1+ derivatives directly contribute to several mesenchymal compartments including Col22a1-expressing cells within the myotendinous junction. Collectively,these findings demonstrate that HIC1 regulates MP quiescence and identifies MP subpopulations with transient and enduring roles in muscle regeneration. View Publication

Ex vivo retroviral gene transfer into CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) has demonstrated remarkable clinical success in gene therapy for monogenic hematopoietic disorders. However,little attention has been paid to enhancement of culture and transduction conditions to achieve reliable effects across patient and disease contexts and to maximize potential vector usage and reduce treatment cost. We systematically tested three HSPC culture media manufactured to cGMP and eight previously described transduction enhancers (TEs) to develop a state-of-the-art clinically applicable protocol. Six TEs enhanced lentiviral (LV) and five TEs facilitated alpharetroviral (ARV) CD34+ HSPC transduction when used alone. Combinatorial TE application tested with LV vectors yielded more potent effects,with up to a 5.6-fold increase in total expression of a reporter gene and up to a 3.8-fold increase in VCN. Application of one of the most promising combinations,the poloxamer LentiBOOST and protamine sulfate,for GMP-compliant manufacturing of a clinical-grade advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) increased total VCN by over 6-fold,with no major changes in global gene expression profiles or inadvertent loss of CD34+CD90+ HSPC populations. Application of these defined culture and transduction conditions is likely to significantly improve ex vivo gene therapy manufacturing protocols for HSPCs and downstream clinical efficacy. View Publication

The sodium potassium pump (Na/K-ATPase) ensures the electrochemical gradient of a cell through an energy-dependent process that consumes about one-third of regenerated ATP. We report that the G protein-coupled receptor GPR35 interacted with the $\alpha$ chain of Na/K-ATPase and promotes its ion transport and Src signaling activity in a ligand-independent manner. Deletion of Gpr35 increased baseline Ca2+ to maximal levels and reduced Src activation and overall metabolic activity in macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In contrast,a common T108M polymorphism in GPR35 was hypermorphic and had the opposite effects to Gpr35 deletion on Src activation and metabolic activity. The T108M polymorphism is associated with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis,inflammatory diseases with a high cancer risk. GPR35 promoted homeostatic IEC turnover,whereas Gpr35 deletion or inhibition by a selective pepducin prevented inflammation-associated and spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis in mice. Thus,GPR35 acts as a central signaling and metabolic pacesetter,which reveals an unexpected role of Na/K-ATPase in macrophage and IEC biology. View Publication

As the prognosis of invasive aspergillosis remains unacceptably poor in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT),there is a growing interest in the adoptive transfer of antifungal effector cells,such as Natural Killer (NK) cells. Because immunosuppressive agents are required in most HSCT recipients,knowledge of the impact of these compounds on the antifungal activity of NK cells is a prerequisite for clinical trials. We,therefore,assessed the effect of methylprednisolone (mPRED),cyclosporin A (CsA) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) at different concentrations on proliferation,apoptosis/necrosis,and the direct and indirect anti-Aspergillus activity of human NK cells. Methylprednisolone decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of NK cells in a significant manner. After seven days,a reduction of viable NK cells was seen for all three immunosuppressants,which was significant for MPA only. Cyclosporin A significantly inhibited the direct hyphal damage by NK cells in a dose-dependent manner. None of the immunosuppressive compounds had a major impact on the measured levels of interferon-$\gamma$,granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANTES (regulated on activation,normal T cell expressed and secreted; CCL5). Our data demonstrate that commonly used immunosuppressive compounds have distinct effects on proliferation,viability and antifungal activity of human NK cells,which should be considered in designing studies on the use of NK cells for adoptive antifungal immunotherapy. View Publication