参考文献

PTPN11 encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2,which relays signals from growth factor receptors to Ras and other effectors. Germline PTPN11 mutations underlie about 50% of Noonan syndrome (NS),a developmental disorder that is associated with an elevated risk of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Somatic PTPN11 mutations were recently identified in about 35% of patients with JMML; these mutations introduce amino acid substitutions that are largely distinct from those found in NS. We assessed the functional consequences of leukemia-associated PTPN11 mutations in murine hematopoietic cells. Expressing an E76K SHP-2 protein induced a hypersensitive pattern of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (CFU-GM) colony growth in response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 3 (IL-3) that was dependent on SHP-2 catalytic activity. E76K SHP-2 expression also enhanced the growth of immature progenitor cells with high replating potential,perturbed erythroid growth,and impaired normal differentiation in liquid cultures. In addition,leukemia-associated SHP-2 mutations conferred a stronger phenotype than a germline mutation found in patients with NS. Mutant SHP-2 proteins induce aberrant growth in multiple hematopoietic compartments,which supports a primary role of hyperactive Ras in the pathogenesis of JMML. View Publication

Recent studies indicate that dysregulation of the Akt/PKB family of serine/threonine kinases is a prominent feature of many human cancers. The Akt/PKB family is composed of three members termed Akt1/PKBalpha,Akt2/PKBbeta,and Akt3/PKBgamma. It is currently not known to what extent there is functional overlap between these family members. We have recently identified small molecule inhibitors of Akt. These compounds have pleckstrin homology domain-dependent,isozyme-specific activity. In this report,we present data showing the relative contribution that inhibition of the different isozymes has on the apoptotic response of tumor cells to a variety of chemotherapies. In multiple cell backgrounds,maximal induction of caspase-3 activity is achieved when both Akt1 and Akt2 are inhibited. This induction is not reversed by overexpression of functionally active Akt3. The level of caspase-3 activation achieved under these conditions is equivalent to that observed with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. We also show that in different tumor cell backgrounds inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin,a downstream substrate of Akt,is less effective in inducing caspase-3 activity than inhibition of Akt1 and Akt2. This shows that the survival phenotype conferred by Akt can be mediated by signaling pathways independent of mammalian target of rapamycin in some tumor cell backgrounds. Finally,we show that inhibition of both Akt1 and Akt2 selectively sensitizes tumor cells,but not normal cells,to apoptotic stimuli. View Publication

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with poor response to therapy and unfavorable prognosis. Here,we show that retinoic acid (RA) isomers significantly inhibit the proliferation of both primary MCL cultures (n = 7) and established cell lines (Granta 519 and SP-53) as shown by [(3)H]thymidine uptake and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester labeling coupled with cyclin D1 staining. RA induces cell accumulation in G(0)-G(1) together with a marked up-regulation of p27(Kip1) by inhibiting ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of the protein. The p21(Cip1) inhibitor was also up-regulated by RA in Granta 519 cells,whereas the expression of cyclin D1 is unaffected. Most of RA-induced p27(Kip1) was bound to cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 complexes,probably contributing to the decreased cyclin-dependent kinase 4 kinase activity and pRb hypophosphorylation observed in RA-treated cells. Experiments with receptor-selective ligands indicate that RA receptor alpha cooperates with retinoid X receptors in mediating RA-dependent MCL cell growth inhibition. Notably,RA isomers,and particularly 9-cis-RA,also inhibited the growth-promoting effect induced in primary MCL cells by CD40 activation alone or in combination with interleukin-4. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that significant numbers of CD40L-expressing lymphoid cells are present in lymph node biopsies of MCL patients. These results therefore further strengthen the possibility that triggering of CD40 by infiltrating CD40L+ cells may continuously promote the growth of MCL cells in vivo. On these grounds,our findings that RA inhibits basal MCL proliferation as well as MCL growth-promoting effects exerted by microenvironmental factors make these compounds highly attractive in terms of potential clinical efficacy in this setting. View Publication

TEL-TRKC is a fusion gene generated by chromosomal translocation and encodes an activated tyrosine kinase. Uniquely,it is found in both solid tumors and leukemia. However,a single exon difference (in TEL) in TEL-TRKC fusions is associated with the two sets of cancer phenotypes. We expressed the two TEL-TRKC variants in vivo by using the 3' regulatory element of SCL that is selectively active in a subset of mesodermal cell lineages,including endothelial and hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. The leukemia form of TEL-TRKC (-exon 5 of TEL) enhanced hematopoietic stem cell renewal and initiated leukemia. In contrast,the TEL-TRKC solid tumor variant (+ TEL exon 5) elicited an embryonic lethal phenotype with impairment of both angiogenesis and hematopoiesis indicative of an effect at the level of the hemangioblasts. The ability of TEL-TRKC to repress expression of Flk1,a critical regulator of early endothelial and hematopoietic cells,depended on TEL exon 5. These data indicate that related oncogenic fusion proteins similarly expressed in a hierarchy of early stem cells can have selective,cell type-specific developmental impacts. View Publication

In the present study,we assessed the susceptibility of freshly isolated neuroblastoma cells to killing mediated by normal human natural killer (NK) cells and analyzed the receptor-ligand interactions that regulate this event. We show that killing of freshly isolated neuroblasts,similar to neuroblastoma cell lines,involves NKp46 and NKp30 (natural cytotoxicity receptors). However,freshly isolated neuroblasts were generally more resistant to NK-mediated lysis than conventional neuroblastoma cell lines. Moreover,a significant heterogeneity in susceptibility to lysis existed among neuroblastomas derived from different patients. Remarkably,susceptibility to lysis directly correlated with the surface expression,on neuroblasts,of poliovirus receptor [PVR (CD155)],a ligand for the DNAX accessory molecule-1 [DNAM-1 (CD226)] triggering receptor expressed by NK cells. Indeed,PVR-expressing neuroblastomas were efficiently killed by NK cells. Moreover,monoclonal antibody-mediated masking of either DNAM-1 (on NK cells) or PVR (on neuroblasts) resulted in strong inhibition of tumor cell lysis. Thus,assessment of the PVR surface levels may represent a novel useful criterion to predict the susceptibility/resistance of neuroblastomas to NK-mediated killing. View Publication

Overwhelming evidence from leukemia research has shown that the clonal population of neoplastic cells exhibits marked heterogeneity with respect to proliferation and differentiation. There are rare stem cells within the leukemic population that possess extensive proliferation and self-renewal capacity not found in the majority of the leukemic cells. These leukemic stem cells are necessary and sufficient to maintain the leukemia. Interestingly,the BCR/ABL fusion gene,which is present in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML),was also detected in the endothelial cells of patients with CML,suggesting that CML might originate from hemangioblastic progenitor cells that can give rise to both blood cells and endothelial cells. Here we isolated fetal liver kinase-1-positive (Flk1+) cells carrying the BCR/ABL fusion gene from the bone marrow of 17 Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) patients with CML and found that these cells could differentiate into malignant blood cells and phenotypically defined endothelial cells at the single-cell level. These findings provide direct evidence for the first time that rearrangement of the BCR/ABL gene might happen at or even before the level of hemangioblastic progenitor cells,thus resulting in detection of the BCR/ABL fusion gene in both blood and endothelial cells. View Publication

Hematopoietic cells (HCs) promote blood vessel formation by producing various proangiogenic cytokines and chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases. We injected mouse colon26 colon cancer cells or human PC3 prostate adenocarcinoma cells into mice and studied the localization of HCs during tumor development. HCs were distributed in the inner tumor mass in all of the tumor tissues examined; however,the localization of HCs in the tumor tissue differed depending on the tumor cell type. In the case of colon26 tumors,as the tumor grew,many mature HCs migrated into the tumor mass before fine capillary formation was observed. On the other hand,although very few HCs migrated into PC3 tumor tissue,c-Kit+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells accumulated around the edge of the tumor. Bone marrow suppression induced by injection of anti-c-Kit neutralizing antibody suppressed tumor angiogenesis by different mechanisms according to the tumor cell type: bone marrow suppression inhibited the initiation of sprouting angiogenesis in colon26 tumors,while it suppressed an increase in the caliber of newly developed blood vessels at the tumor edge in PC3 tumors. Our findings suggest that HCs are involved in tumor angiogenesis and regulate the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. View Publication

The HOX family of homeobox genes plays an important role in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Dysregulated HOX gene expression profoundly effects the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and committed progenitors,and aberrant activation of HOX genes is a common event in human myeloid leukemia. HOXB6 is frequently overexpressed in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To gain further insight into the role of HOXB6 in hematopoiesis,we overexpressed HOXB6 in murine bone marrow using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. We also explored structure-function relationships using mutant HOXB6 proteins unable to bind to DNA or a key HOX-binding partner,pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor-1 (PBX1). Additionally,we investigated the potential cooperative interaction with myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1 homolog (MEIS1). In vivo,HOXB6 expanded HSCs and myeloid precursors while inhibiting erythropoiesis and lymphopoiesis. Overexpression of HOXB6 resulted in AML with a median latency of 223 days. Coexpression of MEIS1 dramatically shortened the onset of AML. Cytogenetic analysis of a subset of HOXB6-induced AMLs revealed recurrent deletions of chromosome bands 2D-E4,a region frequently deleted in HOXA9-induced AMLs. In vitro,HOXB6 immortalized a factor-dependent myelomonocytic precursor capable of granulocytic and monocytic differentiation. These biologic effects of HOXB6 were largely dependent on DNA binding but independent of direct interaction with PBX1. View Publication

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells are characterized by a constitutive and abnormal activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor. This study,conducted in vitro on 18 patients,shows that targeting the IKB kinase 2 (IKK2) kinase with the specific pharmacologic inhibitor AS602868 to block NF-kappaB activation led to apoptosis of human primary AML cells. Moreover,AS602868 potentiated the apoptotic response induced by the current chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin,cytarabine,or etoposide (VP16). AS602868-induced cell death was associated with rupture of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and activation of cellular caspases. NF-kappaB inhibition did not affect normal CD34+ hematopoietic precursors,suggesting that it could represent a new adjuvant strategy for AML treatment. View Publication

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the potential usefulness of a mammaglobin multigene reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay and a mammaglobin sandwich ELISA as diagnostic tools in breast cancer. METHODS: We studied peripheral blood samples from 147 untreated Senegalese women with biopsy-confirmed breast cancer and gathered patient information regarding demographic,and clinical staging of disease. The samples were tested for mammaglobin and three breast cancer-associated gene transcripts by a multigene real-time RT-PCR assay and for serum mammaglobin protein by a sandwich ELISA assay. RESULTS: In 77% of the breast cancer blood samples,a positive signal was obtained in the multigene RT-PCR assay detecting mammaglobin and three complementary transcribed genes. Fifty samples from healthy female donors tested negative. Significant correlations were found between mammaglobin protein in serum,presence of mammaglobin mRNA-expressing cells in blood,stage of disease,and tumor size. Circulating mammaglobin protein was detected in 68% of the breast cancer sera,and was increased in 38% in comparison with a mixed control population. The RT-PCR assay and the ELISA for mammaglobin produced a combined sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 97%. CONCLUSION: The ELISA and RT-PCR for mammaglobin and mammaglobin-producing cells could be valuable tools for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. View Publication