参考文献

PURPOSE: To evaluate the expression of stem cell-related markers at the cellular level in human breast tumors of different subtypes and histologic stage. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We performed immunohistochemical analyses of 12 proteins [CD44,CD24,ALDH1,vimentin,osteonectin,EPCR,caveolin 1,connexin 43,cytokeratin 18 (CK18),MUC1,claudin 7,and GATA3] selected based on their differential expression in breast cancer cells with more differentiated and stem cell-like characteristics in 47 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) only,135 cases of IDC with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS),35 cases of DCIS with microinvasion,and 58 cases of pure DCIS. We also analyzed 73 IDCs with adjacent DCIS to determine the differences in the expression of markers by histology within individual tumors. CD44+/CD24- and CD24-/CD24+ cells were detected using double immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: CD44 and EPCR expression was different among the four histologic groups and was lower in invasive compared with in situ tumors,especially in luminal A subtype. The expression of vimentin,osteonectin,connexin 43,ALDH1,CK18,GATA3,and MUC1 differed by tumor subtype in some histologic groups. ALDH1-positive cells were more frequent in basal-like and HER2+ than in luminal tumors. CD44+/CD24- cells were detected in 69% of all tumors with 100% of the basal-like and 52% of HER2+ tumors having some of these cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that in breast cancer,the frequency of tumor cells positive for stem cell-like and more differentiated cell markers varies according to tumor subtype and histologic stage. View Publication

Autophagy that is induced by starvation or cellular stress can enable cancer cell survival by sustaining energy homeostasis and eliminating damaged organelles and proteins. In response to stress,cancer cells have been reported to accumulate the protein p62/SQSTM1 (p62),but its role in the regulation of autophagy is controversial. Here,we report that the plant phytoalexin resveratrol (RSV) triggers autophagy in imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells via JNK-dependent accumulation of p62. JNK inhibition or p62 knockdown prevented RSV-mediated autophagy and antileukemic effects. RSV also stimulated AMPK,thereby inhibiting the mTOR pathway. AMPK knockdown or mTOR overexpression impaired RSV-induced autophagy but not JNK activation. Lastly,p62 expression and autophagy in CD34+ progenitors from patients with CML was induced by RSV,and disrupting autophagy protected CD34+ CML cells from RSV-mediated cell death. We concluded that RSV triggered autophagic cell death in CML cells via both JNK-mediated p62 overexpression and AMPK activation. Our findings show that the JNK and AMPK pathways can cooperate to eliminate CML cells via autophagy. View Publication

BACKGROUND: Over-expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase and other stem cell markers is characteristic of cells with tumorigenic potential in NOD/SCID mice. Most of these studies have focused on metastatic cells in bone marrow and on solid tumors. There are no studies on correlation of marker expression with ALDH1 expression in cells from human peripheral blood apheresis (HPC-A) samples. METHODS: HPC-A samples from 44 patients were incubated with Aldefluor with or without the presence of aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor DEAB. Cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase expression (ALDH1(bright)) were analyzed for stem/progenitor markers CD34,CD90,CD117,and CD133. Electronic volume measured by Coulter principal in a Quanta flow analyzer was correlated with ALDH1 and marker expression. RESULTS: In ALDH1(bright)/SSC(low) cells,0.13% of the cells had CD34(+) expression and three distinct populations were seen. Expression of CD90 was dim and the frequency of ALDH1(bright)/SSC(low)/CD90(dim) cells amongst the nonlineage depleted samples was 0.04%. CD117(dim-bright) expression was seen in 0.17% of the samples. Three distinct populations of cells with CD133 expression were seen in ALDH1(bright)/SSC(low) nonlineage depleted cells with a frequency of 0.28%. The ALDH1(bright)/CD90(dim) cells had the smallest mean electronic volume of 264.9 microm(3) when compared with cells with CD34(bright) expression (270.2 microm(3)) and ALDH1(dim)/CD90(dim) cells (223 microm(3)). CONCLUSIONS: ALDH1(bright)/SSC(low) cells show heterogeneity in expression of the four stem cell markers studied. The CD90 cells in both the ALDH1(bright) and ALDH1(dim) populations had the smallest mean electronic volume when compared with similar cells with CD117 expression. View Publication

PURPOSE: B-cell receptor signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However,blocking B-cell receptor signaling with dasatinib,an inhibitor of SRC kinase,produced variable results in preclinical and clinical studies. We aim to define the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential dasatinib sensitivity and to uncover more effective therapeutic targets in CLL. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Fresh CLL B cells were treated with dasatinib,and cell viability was followed. The CLL cases were then divided into good and poor responders. The cellular response was correlated with the activities of B-cell receptor signaling molecules,as well as with molecular and cytogenetic prognostic factors. RESULTS: Among 50 CLL cases,dasatinib treatment reduced cell viability by 2% to 90%,with an average reduction of 47% on day 4 of culture. The drug induced CLL cell death through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway mediated by reactive oxygen species. Unexpectedly,phosphorylation of SRC family kinases was inhibited by dasatinib in good,as well as poor,responders. As opposed to SRC family kinases,activities of two downstream molecules,SYK and phospholipase Cgamma2,correlate well with the apoptotic response of CLL cells to dasatinib. CONCLUSIONS: Thus,SYK inhibition predicts cellular response to dasatinib. SYK,together with phospholipase Cgamma2,may serve as potential biomarkers to predict dasatinib therapeutic response in patients. From the pathogenic perspective,our study suggests the existence of alternative mechanisms or pathways that activate SYK,independent of SRC kinase activities. The study further implicates that SYK might serve as a more effective therapeutic target in CLL treatment. View Publication

The molecular mechanisms governing breast tumor cellular self-renewal contribute to breast cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. The ErbB2 oncogene is overexpressed in approximately 30% of human breast cancers. c-Jun,the first cellular proto-oncogene,is overexpressed in human breast cancer. However,the role of endogenous c-Jun in mammary tumor progression is unknown. Herein,transgenic mice expressing the mammary gland-targeted ErbB2 oncogene were crossed with c-jun(f/f) transgenic mice to determine the role of endogenous c-Jun in mammary tumor invasion and stem cell function. The excision of c-jun by Cre recombinase reduced cellular migration,invasion,and mammosphere formation of ErbB2-induced mammary tumors. Proteomic analysis identified a subset of secreted proteins (stem cell factor (SCF) and CCL5) induced by ErbB2 expression that were dependent upon endogenous c-Jun expression. SCF and CCL5 were identified as transcriptionally induced by c-Jun. CCL5 rescued the c-Jun-deficient breast tumor cellular invasion phenotype. SCF rescued the c-Jun-deficient mammosphere production. Endogenous c-Jun thus contributes to ErbB2-induced mammary tumor cell invasion and self-renewal. View Publication

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by a reciprocal chromosomal translocation (9;22) that generates the Bcr-Abl fusion gene. The Ras/Raf-1/MEK/ERK pathway is constitutively activated in Bcr-Abl-transformed cells,and Ras activity enhances the oncogenic ability of Bcr-Abl. However,the mechanism by which Bcr-Abl activates the Ras pathway is not completely understood. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) inhibits activation of MEK by Raf-1 and its downstream signal transduction,resulting in blocking the MAP kinase pathway. In the present study,we found that RKIP was depleted in CML cells. We investigated the interaction between RKIP and Bcr-Abl in CML cell lines and Bcr-Abl(+) progenitor cells from CML patients. The Abl kinase inhibitors and depletion of Bcr-Abl induced the expression of RKIP and reduced the pERK1/2 status,resulting in inhibited proliferation of CML cells. Moreover,RKIP up-regulated cell cycle regulator FoxM1 expression,resulting in G(1) arrest via p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1) accumulation. In colony-forming unit granulocyte,erythroid,macrophage,megakaryocyte,colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage,and burst-forming unit erythroid,treatment with the Abl kinase inhibitors and depletion of Bcr-Abl induced RKIP and reduced FoxM1 expressions,and inhibited colony formation of Bcr-Abl(+) progenitor cells,whereas depletion of RKIP weakened the inhibition of colony formation activity by the Abl kinase inhibitors in Bcr-Abl(+) progenitor cells. Thus,Bcr-Abl represses the expression of RKIP,continuously activates pERK1/2,and suppresses FoxM1 expression,resulting in proliferation of CML cells. View Publication

PURPOSE: To examine the role of cancer stem cells (CSC) in mediating metastasis in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and the association of these cells with patient outcome in this aggressive type of breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: CSCs were isolated from SUM149 and MARY-X,an IBC cell line and primary xenograft,by virtue of increased aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity as assessed by the ALDEFLUOR assay. Invasion and metastasis of CSC populations were assessed by in vitro and mouse xenograft assays. Expression of ALDH1 was determined on a retrospective series of 109 IBC patients and this was correlated with histoclinical data. All statistical tests were two sided. Log-rank tests using Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to determine the correlation of ALDH1 expression with development of metastasis and patient outcome. RESULTS: Both in vitro and xenograft assays showed that invasion and metastasis in IBC are mediated by a cellular component that displays ALDH activity. Furthermore,expression of ALDH1 in IBC was an independent predictive factor for early metastasis and decreased survival in this patient population. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the metastatic,aggressive behavior of IBC may be mediated by a CSC component that displays ALDH enzymatic activity. ALDH1 expression represents the first independent prognostic marker to predict metastasis and poor patient outcome in IBC. The results illustrate how stem cell research can translate into clinical practice in the IBC field. View Publication

Although cancer is a disease with genetic and epigenetic origins,the possible effects of reprogramming by defined factors remain to be fully understood. We studied the effects of the induction or inhibition of cancer-related genes and immature status-related genes whose alterations have been reported in gastrointestinal cancer cells. Retroviral-mediated introduction of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell genes was necessary for inducing the expression of immature status-related proteins,including Nanog,Ssea4,Tra-1-60,and Tra-1-80 in esophageal,stomach,colorectal,liver,pancreatic,and cholangiocellular cancer cells. Induced cells,but not parental cells,possessed the potential to express morphological patterns of ectoderm,mesoderm,and endoderm,which was supported by epigenetic studies,indicating methylation of DNA strands and the histone H3 protein at lysine 4 in promoter regions of pluripotency-associated genes such as NANOG. In in vitro analysis induced cells showed slow proliferation and were sensitized to differentiation-inducing treatment,and in vivo tumorigenesis was reduced in NOD/SCID mice. This study demonstrated that pluripotency was manifested in induced cells,and that the induced pluripotent cancer (iPC) cells were distinct from natural cancer cells with regard to their sensitivity to differentiation-inducing treatment. Retroviral-mediated introduction of iPC cells confers higher sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents and differentiation-inducing treatment. View Publication

Prostate cancer (PCa) contains a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to its initiation and progression. The development of specific markers for identification of the CSCs may lead to new diagnostic strategies of PCa. Increased aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) activity has been found in the stem cell populations of leukemia and some solid tumors. The aim of the study was to investigate the stem-cell-related function and clinical significance of the ALDH1A1 in human PCa. ALDEFLUOR assay was used to isolate ALDH1A1(+) cells from PCa cell lines. Stem cell characteristics of the ALDH1A1(+) cells were then investigated by in vitro and in vivo approaches. The ALDH1A1 expression was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 18 normal prostate and 163 PCa tissues. The ALDH1A1(+) PCa cells showed high clonogenic and tumorigenic capacities,and serially reinitiated transplantable tumors that resembled histopathologic characteristics and heterogeneity of the parental PCa cells in mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of human prostate tissues showed that ALDH1A1(+) cells were sparse and limited to the basal component in normal prostates. However,in tumor specimens,increased ALDH1A1 immunopositivity was found not only in secretory type cancer epithelial cells but also in neuroendocrine tumor populations. Furthermore,the high ALDH1A1 expression in PCa was positively correlated with Gleason score (P=0.01) and pathologic stage (P=0.01),and inversely associated with overall survival and cancer-specific survival of the patients (P=0.00093 and 0.00017,respectively). ALDH1A1 could be a prostate CSC-related marker. Measuring its expression might provide a potential approach to study tumorigenesis of PCa and predict outcome of the disease. View Publication

Patients with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) have poorer response to conventional chemotherapy and lower survival rates than those with embryonal RMS (ERMS). To identify compounds that preferentially block the growth of ARMS,we conducted a small-scale screen of 160 kinase inhibitors against the ARMS cell line Rh30 and ERMS cell line RD and identified inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3),including TWS119 as ARMS-selective inhibitors. GSK3 inhibitors inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis more effectively in Rh30 than RD cells. Ectopic expression of fusion protein PAX3-FKHR in RD cells significantly increased their sensitivity to TWS119. Down-regulation of GSK3 by GSK3 inhibitors or siRNA significantly reduced the transcriptional activity of PAX3-FKHR. These results suggest that GSK3 is directly involved in regulating the transcriptional activity of PAX3-FKHR. Also,GSK3 phosphorylated PAX3-FKHR in vitro,suggesting that GSK3 might regulate PAX3-FKHR activity via phosphorylation. These findings support a novel mechanism of PAX3-FKHR regulation by GSK3 and provide a novel strategy to develop GSK inhibitors as anti-ARMS therapies. View Publication