参考文献

The discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has sparked great interest in the potential treatment of patients with their own in vitro differentiated cells. Recently,knockout of the Tumor Protein 53 (p53) gene was reported to facilitate reprogramming but unfortunately also led to genomic instability. Here,we report that transient suppression of p53 during nonintegrative reprogramming of human fibroblasts leads to a significant increase in expression of pluripotency markers and overall number of iPSC colonies,due to downstream suppression of p21,without affecting apoptosis and DNA damage. Stable iPSC lines generated with or without p53 suppression showed comparable expression of pluripotency markers and methylation patterns,displayed normal karyotypes,contained between 0 and 5 genomic copy number variations and produced functional neurons in vitro. In conclusion,transient p53 suppression increases reprogramming efficiency without affecting genomic stability,rendering the method suitable for in vitro mechanistic studies with the possibility for future clinical translation. View Publication

UNLABELLED: Due to continuous changes to its antigenic regions,influenza viruses can evade immune detection and cause a significant amount of morbidity and mortality around the world. Influenza vaccinations can protect against disease but must be annually reformulated to match the current circulating strains. In the development of a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine,the elucidation of conserved epitopes is paramount. To this end,we designed an immunization strategy in mice to boost the humoral response against conserved regions of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. Of note,generation and identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies that target group 2 HAs are rare and thus far have yielded only a few monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Here,we demonstrate that mouse MAb 9H10 has broad and potent in vitro neutralizing activity against H3 and H10 group 2 influenza A subtypes. In the mouse model,MAb 9H10 protects mice against two divergent mouse-adapted H3N2 strains,in both pre- and postexposure administration regimens. In vitro and cell-free assays suggest that MAb 9H10 inhibits viral replication by blocking HA-dependent fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes early in the replication cycle and by disrupting viral particle egress in the late stage of infection. Interestingly,electron microscopy reconstructions of MAb 9H10 bound to the HA reveal that it binds a similar binding footprint to MAbs CR8020 and CR8043.backslashnbackslashnIMPORTANCE: The influenza hemagglutinin is the major antigenic target of the humoral immune response. However,due to continuous antigenic changes that occur on the surface of this glycoprotein,influenza viruses can escape the immune system and cause significant disease to the host. Toward the development of broad-spectrum therapeutics and vaccines against influenza virus,elucidation of conserved regions of influenza viruses is crucial. Thus,defining these types of epitopes through the generation and characterization of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) can greatly assist others in highlighting conserved regions of hemagglutinin. Here,we demonstrate that MAb 9H10 that targets the hemagglutinin stalk has broadly neutralizing activity against group 2 influenza A viruses in vitro and in vivo. View Publication

Cardiovascular progenitor cells (CVPCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells represent an invaluable potential source for the study of early embryonic cardiovascular development and stem cell-based therapies for congenital and acquired heart diseases. To fully realize their values,it is essential to establish an efficient and stable differentiation system for the induction of these pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into the CVPCs and robustly expand them in culture,and then further differentiate these CVPCs into multiple cardiovascular cell types. Here we describe the protocols for efficient derivation,expansion,and differentiation of CVPCs from hPSCs in a chemically defined medium under feeder- and serum-free culture conditions. View Publication

Human brain development exhibits several unique aspects,such as increased complexity and expansion of neuronal output,that have proven difficult to study in model organisms. As a result,in vitro approaches to model human brain development and disease are an intense area of research. Here we describe a recently established protocol for generating 3D brain tissue,so-called cerebral organoids,which closely mimics the endogenous developmental program. This method can easily be implemented in a standard tissue culture room and can give rise to developing cerebral cortex,ventral telencephalon,choroid plexus and retinal identities,among others,within 1-2 months. This straightforward protocol can be applied to developmental studies,as well as to the study of a variety of human brain diseases. Furthermore,as organoids can be maintained for more than 1 year in long-term culture,they also have the potential to model later events such as neuronal maturation and survival. View Publication

Despite significant advances in commercially available media and kits and the differentiation approaches for human neural stem cell (NSC) generation,NSC production from the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) is complicated by its time-consuming procedure,complex medium composition,and purification step. In this study,we developed a convenient and simplified NSC production protocol to meet the demand of NSC production. We demonstrated that NSCs can be generated efficiently without requirement of specific small molecules or embryoid body formation stage. Our experimental results suggest that a short suspension culture period may facilitate ectoderm lineage specification rather than endoderm or mesoderm lineage specification from hPSCs. The method developed in this study shortens the turnaround time of NSC production from both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiation. It provides a straightforward and useful strategy for generating NSCs that can benefit a wide range of research applications for human brain research. View Publication

Improvement of methods to produce endoderm-derived cells from pluripotent stem cells is important to realize high-efficient induction of endodermal tissues such as pancreas and hepatocyte. Difficulties hampering such efforts include the low efficiency of definitive endoderm cell induction and establishing appropriate defined culture conditions to ensure a safe cell source for human transplantation. Based on previous studies,we revised the experimental condition of definitive endoderm induction in feeder- and serum-free culture. Our results suggested that CHIR99021 is more effective than Wnt3A ligand in feeder- and serum-free conditions. In addition,keeping cell density low during endoderm induction is important for the efficiency. On the other hand,we showed that overtreatment with CHIR99021 converted the cells into BRACHYURY-expressing posterior mesoderm cells rather than endoderm,indicating strict CHIR99021 treatment requirements for endoderm differentiation. Nevertheless,these results should enable better control in the production of definitive endoderm-derived cells. View Publication

mAbs constitute an important biological tool for influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) epitope mapping through the generation of escape mutants,which could provide insights into immune evasion mechanisms and may benefit the future development of vaccines. Several influenza A (H1N1) pandemic 2009 (pdm09) HA escape mutants have been recently described. However,the HA antigenic sites of the previous seasonal A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) (Bris07) virus remain poorly documented. Here,we produced mAbs against pdm09 and Bris07 HA proteins expressed in human HEK293 cells. Escape mutants were generated using mAbs that exhibited HA inhibition and neutralizing activities. The resulting epitope mapping of the pdm09 HA protein revealed 11 escape mutations including three that were previously described (G172E,N173D and K256E) and eight novel ones (T89R,F128L,G157E,K180E,A212E,R269K,N311T and G478E). Among the six HA mutations that were part of predicted antigenic sites (Ca1,Ca2,Cb,Sa or Sb),three (G172E,N173D and K180E) were within the Sa site. Eight escape mutations (H54N,N55D,N55K,L60H,N203D,A231T,V314I and K464E) were obtained for Bris07 HA,and all but one (N203D,Sb site) were outside the predicted antigenic sites. Our results suggest that the Sa antigenic site is immunodominant in pdm09 HA,whereas the N203D mutation (Sb site),present in three different Bris07 escape mutants,appears as the immunodominant epitope in that strain. The fact that some mutations were not part of predicted antigenic sites reinforces the necessity of further characterizing the HA of additional H1N1 strains. View Publication

Constant deregulation of Id1 and Id3 has been implicated in a wide range of carcinomas. However,underlying molecular evidence for the joint role of Id1 and Id3 in the tumorigenicity of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is sparse. Investigating the biological significance of elevated expression in SCLC cells,we found that Id1 and Id3 co-suppression resulted in significant reduction of proliferation rate,invasiveness and anchorage-independent growth. Suppressing both Id1 and Id3 expression also greatly reduced the average size of tumors produced by transfectant cells when inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice. Further investigation revealed that suppressed expression of Id1 and Id3 was accompanied by decreased angiogenesis and increased apoptosis. Therefore,the SCLC tumorigenicity suppression effect of double knockdown of Id1 and Id3 may be regulated through pathways of apoptosis and angiogenesis. View Publication

The development of novel platforms for large scale production of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) derived cardiomyocytes (CM) becomes more crucial as the demand for CMs in preclinical trials,high throughput cardio toxicity assays and future regenerative therapeutics rises. To this end,we have designed a microcarrier (MC) suspension agitated platform that integrates pluripotent hESC expansion followed by CM differentiation in a continuous,homogenous process.Hydrodynamic shear stresses applied during the hESC expansion and CM differentiation steps drastically reduced the capability of the cells to differentiate into CMs. Applying vigorous stirring during pluripotent hESC expansion on Cytodex 1 MC in spinner cultures resulted in low CM yields in the following differentiation step (cardiac troponin-T (cTnT): 22.83. ??. 2.56%; myosin heavy chain (MHC): 19.30. ??. 5.31%). Whereas the lower shear experienced in side to side rocker (wave type) platform resulted in higher CM yields (cTNT: 47.50. ??. 7.35%; MHC: 42.85. ??. 2.64%). The efficiency of CM differentiation is also affected by the hydrodynamic shear stress applied during the first 3. days of the differentiation stage. Even low shear applied continuously by side to side rocker agitation resulted in very low CM differentiation efficiency (cTnT. textless. 5%; MHC. textless. 2%). Simply by applying intermittent agitation during these 3. days followed by continuous agitation for the subsequent 9. days,CM differentiation efficiency can be substantially increased (cTNT: 65.73. ??. 10.73%; MHC: 59.73. ??. 9.17%). These yields are 38.3% and 39.3% higher (for cTnT and MHC respectively) than static culture control.During the hESC expansion phase,cells grew on continuously agitated rocker platform as pluripotent cell/MC aggregates (166??88??105??m2) achieving a cell concentration of 3.74??0.55??106cells/mL (18.89??2.82 fold expansion) in 7days. These aggregates were further differentiated into CMs using a WNT modulation differentiation protocol for the subsequent 12days on a rocking platform with an intermittent agitation regime during the first 3days. Collectively,the integrated MC rocker platform produced 190.5??58.8??106 CMs per run (31.75??9.74 CM/hESC seeded). The robustness of the system was demonstrated by using 2 cells lines,hESC (HES-3) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) IMR-90. The CM/MC aggregates formed extensive sarcomeres that exhibited cross-striations confirming cardiac ontogeny. Functionality of the CMs was demonstrated by monitoring the effect of inotropic drug,Isoproterenol on beating frequency.In conclusion,we have developed a simple robust and scalable platform that integrates both hESC expansion and CM differentiation in one unit process which is capable of meeting the need for large amounts of CMs. ?? 2014. View Publication

Stirred-suspension bioreactors are a promising modality for large-scale culture of 3D aggregates of pluripotent stem cells and their progeny. Yet,cells within these clusters experience limitations in the transfer of factors and particularly O2 which is characterized by low solubility in aqueous media. Cultured stem cells under different O2 levels may exhibit significantly different proliferation,viability and differentiation potential. Here,a transient diffusion-reaction model was built encompassing the size distribution and ultrastructural characteristics of embryonic stem cell (ESC) aggregates. The model was coupled to experimental data from bioreactor and static cultures for extracting the effective diffusivity and kinetics of consumption of O2 within mouse (mESC) and human ESC (hESC) clusters. Under agitation,mESC aggregates exhibited a higher maximum consumption rate than hESC aggregates. Moreover,the reaction-diffusion model was integrated with a population balance equation (PBE) for the temporal distribution of ESC clusters changing due to aggregation and cell proliferation. Hypoxia was found to be negligible for ESCs with a smaller radius than 100 µm but became appreciable for aggregates larger than 300 µm. The integrated model not only captured the O2 profile both in the bioreactor bulk and inside ESC aggregates but also led to the calculation of the duration that fractions of cells experience a certain range of O2 concentrations. The approach described in this study can be employed for gaining a deeper understanding of the effects of O2 on the physiology of stem cells organized in 3D structures. Such frameworks can be extended to encompass the spatial and temporal availability of nutrients and differentiation factors and facilitate the design and control of relevant bioprocesses for the production of stem cell therapeutics. View Publication