参考文献

CREB-binding protein (CREBBP) is important for the cell-autonomous regulation of hematopoiesis,including the stem cell compartment. In the present study,we show that CREBBP plays an equally pivotal role in microenvironment-mediated regulation of hematopoiesis. We found that the BM microenvironment of Crebbp(+/-) mice was unable to properly maintain the immature stem cell and progenitor cell pools. Instead,it stimulates myeloid differentiation,which progresses into a myeloproliferation phenotype. Alterations in the BM microenvironment resulting from haploinsufficiency of Crebbp included a marked decrease in trabecular bone that was predominantly caused by increased osteoclastogenesis. Although CFU-fibroblast (CFU-F) and total osteoblast numbers were decreased,the bone formation rate was similar to that found in wild-type mice. At the molecular level,we found that the known hematopoietic modulators matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP9) and kit ligand (KITL) were decreased with heterozygous levels of Crebbp. Lastly,potentially important regulatory proteins,endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (ESAM1) and cadherin 5 (CDH5),were increased on Crebbp(+/-) endothelial cells. Our findings reveal that a full dose of Crebbp is essential in the BM microenvironment to maintain proper hematopoiesis and to prevent excessive myeloproliferation. View Publication

Recent evidence suggests that enhanced aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is a hallmark of cancer stem cells (CSC) measurable by the aldefluor assay. ALDH1A1,one of 19 ALDH isoforms expressed in humans,was generally believed to be responsible for the ALDH activity of CSCs. More recently,experiments with murine hematopoietic stem cells,murine progenitor pancreatic cells,and human breast CSCs indicate that other ALDH isoforms,particularly ALDH1A3,significantly contribute to aldefluor positivity,which may be tissue and cancer specific. Therefore,potential prognostic application involving the use of CSC prevalence in tumor tissue to predict patient outcome requires the identification and quantification of specific ALDH isoforms. Herein we review the suggested roles of ALDH in CSC biology and the immunohistological studies testing the potential application of ALDH isoforms as novel cancer prognostic indicators. View Publication

AIM: Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are designed to exploit the intrinsic capacity of these highly effective antigen presenting cells to prime and boost antigen-specific T-cell immune responses. Successful development of DC-based vaccines will be dependent on the ability to utilize and harness the full potential of these potent immune stimulatory cells. Recent advances to generate DCs derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that are suitable for clinical use represent an alternative strategy from conventional approaches of using patient-specific DCs. Although the differentiation of hESC-derived DCs in serum-free defined conditions has been established,the stimulatory potential of these hESC-derived DCs have not been fully evaluated. METHODS: hESC-derived DCs were differentiated in serum-free defined culture conditions. The delivery of antigen into hESC-derived DCs was investigated using mRNA transfection and replication-deficient adenoviral vector transduction. hESC-derived DCs modified with antigen were evaluated for their capacity to stimulate antigen-specific T-cell responses with known HLA matching. Since IL-12 is a key cytokine that drives T-cell function,further enhancement of DC potency was evaluated by transfecting mRNA encoding the IL-12p70 protein into hESC-derived DCs. RESULTS: The transfection of mRNA into hESC-derived DCs was effective for heterologous protein expression. The efficiency of adenoviral vector transduction into hESC-derived DCs was poor. These mRNA-transfected DCs were capable of stimulating human telomerase reverse transcriptase antigen-specific T cells composed of varying degrees of HLA matching. In addition,we observed the transfection of mRNA encoding IL-12p70 enhanced the T-cell stimulation potency of hESC-derived DCs. CONCLUSION: These data provide support for the development and modification of hESC-derived DCs with mRNA as a potential strategy for the induction of T-cell-mediated immunity. View Publication

4-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]pyrrolo[1,2-f]-phenanthridium chloride (NK314) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid that inhibits topoisomerase IIα,leading to the generation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and activating the G(2) checkpoint pathway. The purpose of the present studies was to investigate the DNA intercalating properties of NK314,to evaluate the DNA repair mechanisms activated in cells that may lead to resistance to NK314,and to develop mechanism-based combination strategies to maximize the antitumor effect of the compound. A DNA unwinding assay indicated that NK314 intercalates in DNA,a property that likely cooperates with its ability to trap topoisomerase IIα in its cleavage complex form. The consequence of this is the formation of DNA DSBs,as demonstrated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and H2AX phosphorylation. Clonogenic assays demonstrated a significant sensitization in NK314-treated cells deficient in DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) catalytic subunit,Ku80,ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM),BRCA2,or XRCC3 compared with wild-type cells,indicating that both nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination DNA repair pathways contribute to cell survival. Furthermore,both the DNA-PK inhibitor 8-(4-dibenzothienyl)-2-(4-morpholinyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (NU7441) and the ATM inhibitor 2-(4-morpholinyl)-6-(1-thianthrenyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (KU55933) significantly sensitized cells to NK314. We conclude that DNA-PK and ATM contribute to cell survival in response to NK314 and could be potential targets for abrogating resistance and maximizing the antitumor effect of NK314. View Publication

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by abnormal and dysplastic maturation of all blood lineages. Even though epigenetic alterations have been seen in MDS marrow progenitors,very little is known about the molecular alterations in dysplastic peripheral blood cells. We analyzed the methylome of MDS leukocytes by the HELP assay and determined that it was globally distinct from age-matched controls and was characterized by numerous novel,aberrant hypermethylated marks that were located mainly outside of CpG islands and preferentially affected GTPase regulators and other cancer-related pathways. Additionally,array comparative genomic hybridization revealed that novel as well as previously characterized deletions and amplifications could also be visualized in peripheral blood leukocytes,thus potentially reducing the need for bone marrow samples for future studies. Using integrative analysis,potentially pathogenic genes silenced by genetic deletions and aberrant hypermethylation in different patients were identified. DOCK4,a GTPase regulator located in the commonly deleted 7q31 region,was identified by this unbiased approach. Significant hypermethylation and reduced expression of DOCK4 in MDS bone marrow stem cells was observed in two large independent datasets,providing further validation of our findings. Finally,DOCK4 knockdown in primary marrow CD34(+) stem cells led to decreased erythroid colony formation and increased apoptosis,thus recapitulating the bone marrow failure seen in MDS. These findings reveal widespread novel epigenetic alterations in myelodysplastic leukocytes and implicate DOCK4 as a pathogenic gene located on the 7q chromosomal region. View Publication

Routine commercial and clinical applications of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their progenies will require increasing cell quantities that cannot be provided by conventional adherent culture technologies. Here we describe a straightforward culture protocol for the expansion of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in suspension culture. This culture technique was successfully tested on two hiPSC clones,three hESC lines and on a nonhuman primate ESC line. It is based on a defined medium and single-cell inoculation,but it does not require culture preadaptation,use of microcarriers or any other matrices. Over a time course of 4-7 d,hPSCs can be expanded up to sixfold. Preparation of a high-density culture and its subsequent translation to scalable stirred suspension in Erlenmeyer flasks and stirred spinner flasks are also feasible. Importantly,hPSCs maintain pluripotency and karyotype stability for more than ten passages. View Publication

Pluripotent stem cells can be genetically labeled to facilitate differentiation studies. In this paper,we describe a gene-targeting protocol to knock in a GFP cassette into key gene loci in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs),and then use the genetically tagged hPSCs to guide in vitro differentiation,immunocytochemical and electrophysiological profiling and in vivo characterization after cell transplantation. The Olig transcription factors have key roles in the transcription regulatory pathways for the genesis of motor neurons (MNs) and oligodendrocytes (OLs). We have generated OLIG2-GFP hPSC reporter lines that reliably mark MNs and OLs for monitoring their sequential differentiation from hPSCs. The expression of the GFP reporter recapitulates the endogenous expression of OLIG genes. The in vitro characterization of fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified cells is consistent with cells of the MN or OL lineages,depending on the stages at which they are collected. This protocol is efficient and reliable and usually takes 5-7 months to complete. The genetic tagging-differentiation methodology used herein provides a general framework for similar work for differentiation of hPSCs into other lineages. View Publication

Chromosomal translocations of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene are a common cause of acute leukemias. The oncogenic function of MLL fusion proteins is,in part,mediated through aberrant activation of Hoxa genes and Meis1,among others. Here we demonstrate using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre-mediated loss of function mouse model that DOT1L,an H3K79 methyltransferase,is required for both initiation and maintenance of MLL-AF9-induced leukemogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Through gene expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis we demonstrate that mistargeting of DOT1L,subsequent H3K79 methylation,and up-regulation of Hoxa and Meis1 genes underlie the molecular mechanism of how DOT1L contributes to MLL-AF9-mediated leukemogenesis. Our study not only provides the first in vivo evidence for the function of DOT1L in leukemia,but also reveals the molecular mechanism for DOT1L in MLL-AF9 mediated leukemia. Thus,DOT1L may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of leukemia caused by MLL translocations. View Publication

In addition to the well-recognized role in extracellular matrix remodeling,the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) has been suggested to be involved in the regulation of numerous biologic functions,including cell proliferation and survival. We therefore hypothesized that TIMP-1 might be involved in the homeostatic regulation of HSCs,whose biologic behavior is the synthesis of both microenvironmental and intrinsic cues. We found that TIMP-1(-/-) mice have decreased BM cellularity and,consistent with this finding,TIMP-1(-/-) HSCs display reduced capability of long-term repopulation. Interestingly,the cell cycle distribution of TIMP-1(-/-) stem cells appears distorted,with a dysregulation at the level of the G(1) phase. TIMP-1(-/-) HSCs also display increased levels of p57,p21,and p53,suggesting that TIMP-1 could be intrinsically involved in the regulation of HSC cycling dynamics. Of note,TIMP-1(-/-) HSCs present decreased levels of CD44 glycoprotein,whose expression has been proven to be controlled by p53,the master regulator of the G(1)/S transition. Our findings establish a role for TIMP-1 in regulating HSC function,suggesting a novel mechanism presiding over stem cell quiescence in the framework of the BM milieu. View Publication

Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a barrier for tumor development. Oncogene-dependent DNA damage and activation of the ARF/p53 pathway play a central role in OIS and,accordingly,ARF and p53 are frequently mutated in human cancer. A number of leukemia/lymphoma-initiating oncogenes,however,inhibit ARF/p53 and only infrequently select for ARF or p53 mutations,suggesting the involvement of other tumor-suppressive pathways. We report that NPM-ALK,the initiating oncogene of anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs),induces DNA damage and irreversibly arrests the cell cycle of primary fibroblasts and hematopoietic progenitors. This effect is associated with inhibition of p53 and is caused by activation of the p16INK4a/pRb tumor-suppressive pathway. Analysis of NPM-ALK lymphomagenesis in transgenic mice showed p16INK4a-dependent accumulation of senescent cells in premalignant lesions and decreased tumor latency in the absence of p16INK4a. Accordingly,human ALCLs showed no expression of either p16INK4a or pRb. Up-regulation of the histone-demethylase Jmjd3 and de-methylation at the p16INK4a promoter contributed to the effect of NPM-ALK on p16INK4a,which was transcriptionally regulated. These data demonstrate that p16INK4a/pRb may function as an alternative pathway of oncogene-induced senescence,and suggest that the reactivation of p16INK4a expression might be a novel strategy to restore the senescence program in some tumors. View Publication

The enthusiasm surrounding the clinical potential of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is tempered by the fact that key issues regarding their safety,efficacy,and long-term benefits have thus far been suboptimal. Small molecules can potentially relieve these problems at major junctions of stem cell biology and regenerative therapy. In this review we will introduce recent advances in these important areas and the first generation of small molecules used in the regenerative context. Current chemical biology studies will provide the archetype for future interdisciplinary collaborations and improve clinical benefits of cell-based therapies. View Publication

Genetic Parkinson disease (PD) has been associated with mutations in PINK1,a gene encoding a mitochondrial kinase implicated in the regulation of mitochondrial degradation. While the studies so far examined PINK1 function in non-neuronal systems or through PINK1 knockdown approaches,there is an imperative to examine the role of endogenous PINK1 in appropriate human-derived and biologically relevant cell models. Here we report the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from skin fibroblasts taken from three PD patients with nonsense (c.1366CtextgreaterT; p.Q456X) or missense (c.509TtextgreaterG; p.V170G) mutations in the PINK1 gene. These cells were differentiated into dopaminergic neurons that upon mitochondrial depolarization showed impaired recruitment of lentivirally expressed Parkin to mitochondria,increased mitochondrial copy number,and upregulation of PGC-1α,an important regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Importantly,these alterations were corrected by lentiviral expression of wild-type PINK1 in mutant iPS cell-derived PINK1 neurons. In conclusion,our studies suggest that fibroblasts from genetic PD can be reprogrammed and differentiated into neurons. These neurons exhibit distinct phenotypes that should be amenable to further mechanistic studies in this relevant biological context. View Publication