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Human neutrophilic granulocytes form the largest pool of innate immune cells for host defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The dynamic changes that accompany the metamorphosis from a proliferating myeloid progenitor cell in the bone marrow into a mature non-dividing polymorphonuclear blood cell have remained poorly defined. Using mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics combined with transcriptomic data,we report on the dynamic changes of five developmental stages in the bone marrow and blood. Integration of transcriptomes and proteome unveils highly dynamic and differential interactions between RNA and protein kinetics during human neutrophil development,which can be linked to functional maturation of typical end-stage blood neutrophil killing activities. View Publication

Early studies in exercise immunology suggested acute bouts of exercise had an immunosuppressive effect in human subjects. However,recent data,show acute bouts of combined aerobic and resistance training increase both lymphocyte activation and proliferation. We quantified resistance exercise-induced changes in the activation state of CD4+ T lymphocytes via surface protein expression and using a medically relevant model of infection (HIV-1). Using a randomized cross-over design,10 untrained subjects completed a control and exercise session. The control session consisted of 30-min seated rest while the exercise session entailed 3 sets × 10 repetitions of back squat,leg press,and leg extensions at 70{\%} 1-RM with 2-min rest between each set. Venous blood samples were obtained pre/post each session. CD4+ T lymphocytes were isolated from whole blood by negative selection. Expression of activation markers (CD69 {\&} CD25) in both nonstimulated and stimulated (costimulation through CD3+ CD28) cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Resistance exercised-induced effects on intracellular activation was further evaluated via in vitro infection with HIV-1. Nonstimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes obtained postexercise exhibited elevated CD25 expression following 24 h in culture. Enhanced HIV-1 replication was observed in cells obtained postexercise. Our results demonstrate that an acute bout of resistance exercise increases the activation state of CD4+ T lymphocytes and results in a greater susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in vitro. These findings offer further evidence that exercise induces activation of T lymphocytes and provides a foundation for the use of medically relevant pathogens as indirect measures of intracellular activation. View Publication

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from healthy individuals are important controls for disease-modeling studies. Here we apply precision health to create a high-quality resource of control iPSCs. Footprint-free lines were reprogrammed from four volunteers of the Personal Genome Project Canada (PGPC). Multilineage-directed differentiation efficiently produced functional cortical neurons,cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Pilot users demonstrated versatility by generating kidney organoids,T lymphocytes,and sensory neurons. A frameshift knockout was introduced into MYBPC3 and these cardiomyocytes exhibited the expected hypertrophic phenotype. Whole-genome sequencing-based annotation of PGPC lines revealed on average 20 coding variants. Importantly,nearly all annotated PGPC and HipSci lines harbored at least one pre-existing or acquired variant with cardiac,neurological,or other disease associations. Overall,PGPC lines were efficiently differentiated by multiple users into cells from six tissues for disease modeling,and variant-preferred healthy control lines were identified for specific disease settings. View Publication

A rapidly increasing number of reports on dysregulated long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) expression across numerous types of cancers indicates that aberrant lincRNA expression may be a major contributor to tumorigenesis. Marek's disease (MD) is a T cell lymphoma of chickens induced by Marek's disease virus (MDV). Although we have investigated the roles of lincRNAs in bursa tissue of MDV-infected chickens in previous studies,the molecular mechanisms of lincRNA functions in T cells remain poorly understood. In the present study,Linc-GALMD1 was identified from CD4+ T cells and MSB1 cells,and its expression was significantly downregulated in MD-resistant line of birds in response to MDV challenge. Furthermore,loss-of-function experiments indicated that linc-GALMD1 significantly affected the expression of 290 genes in trans. Through integrated analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by MDV and linc-GALMD1,we found that IGLL1 gene expression levels had a positive correlation with the degree of MD infection and could potentially serve as an indicator for clinical diagnosis of MD. Moreover,an interaction between MDV and linc-GALMD1 was also observed. Accordingly,chicken embryonic fibroblast cells were inoculated with MDV with and without the linc-GALMD1 knockdown,and the data showed that linc-GALMD1 could repress MDV gene expression during the course of MDV infection. These findings uncovered a role of linc-GALMD1 as a viral gene regulator and suggested a function of linc-GALMD1 contributing to tumor suppression by coordinating expression of MDV genes and tumor-related genes and regulating immune responses to MDV infection. View Publication

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs),playing a crucial role in the intercellular communication in physiological as well as pathological processes. Here,we aimed to study whether the melanoma-derived sEV-mediated communication could adapt to microenvironmental stresses. We compared B16F1 cell-derived sEVs released under normal and stress conditions,including cytostatic,heat and oxidative stress. The miRNome and proteome showed substantial differences across the sEV groups and bioinformatics analysis of the obtained data by the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis also revealed significant functional differences. The in silico predicted functional alterations of sEVs were validated by in vitro assays. For instance,melanoma-derived sEVs elicited by oxidative stress increased Ki-67 expression of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); cytostatic stress-resulted sEVs facilitated melanoma cell migration; all sEV groups supported microtissue generation of MSC-B16F1 co-cultures in a 3D tumour matrix model. Based on this study,we concluded that (i) molecular patterns of tumour-derived sEVs,dictated by the microenvironmental conditions,resulted in specific response patterns in the recipient cells; (ii) in silico analyses could be useful tools to predict different stress responses; (iii) alteration of the sEV-mediated communication of tumour cells might be a therapy-induced host response,with a potential influence on treatment efficacy. View Publication

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degradation and chronic joint inflammation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promising results in OA,but their mechanism of action is not fully understood. We hypothesize that MSCs polarize macrophages,which are strongly associated with joint inflammation to more homeostatic sub-types. We tracked ferumoxytol (Feraheme™,iron oxide nanoparticle)-labeled murine MSCs (Fe-MSCs) in murine OA joints,and quantified changes to joint inflammation and fibrosis. 10-week-old C57BL/6 male mice (n = 5/group) were induced to undergo osteoarthritis by destabilization of medical meniscus (DMM) or sham surgery. 3 weeks post-surgery,mice were injected intra-articularly with either fluorescent dye-(DiR) labeled or DiR-Fe-MSC or saline to yield 4 groups (n = 5 per group for each timepoint [1,2 and 4weeks]). 4 weeks after injection,mice were imaged by MRI,and scored for i) OARSI (Osteoarthritis Research Society International) to determine cartilage damage; ii) immunohistochemical changes in iNOS,CD206,F4/80 and Prussian Blue/Sca-1 to detect pro-inflammatory,homeostatic and total macrophages and ferumoxytol -labeled MSCs respectively,and iii) Masson's Trichrome to detect changes in fibrosis. Ferumoxytol-labeled MSCs persisted at greater levels in DMM vs. SHAM-knee joints. We observed no difference in OARSI scores between MSC and vehicle groups. Sca-1 and Prussian Blue co-staining confirmed the ferumoxytol label resides in MSCs,although some ferumoxytol label was detected in proximity to MSCs in macrophages,likely due to phagocytosis of apoptotic MSCs,increasing functionality of these macrophages through MSC efferocytosis. MRI hypertintensity scores related to fluid edema decreased in MSC-treated vs. control animals. For the first time,we show that MSC-treated mice had increased ratios of {\%}CD206+: {\%}F4/80+ (homeostatic macrophages) (p{\textless}0.05),and decreased ratios of {\%}iNOS+: {\%}F4/80+ macrophages (p{\textless}0.01),supporting our hypothesis that MSCs may modulate synovial inflammation. View Publication

Lysosomal enzyme deficiencies comprise a large group of genetic disorders that generally lack effective treatments. A potential treatment approach is to engineer the patient's own hematopoietic system to express high levels of the deficient enzyme,thereby correcting the biochemical defect and halting disease progression. Here,we present an efficient ex vivo genome editing approach using CRISPR-Cas9 that targets the lysosomal enzyme iduronidase to the CCR5 safe harbor locus in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The modified cells secrete supra-endogenous enzyme levels,maintain long-term repopulation and multi-lineage differentiation potential,and can improve biochemical and phenotypic abnormalities in an immunocompromised mouse model of Mucopolysaccharidosis type I. These studies provide support for the development of genome-edited CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells as a potential treatment for Mucopolysaccharidosis type I. The safe harbor approach constitutes a flexible platform for the expression of lysosomal enzymes making it applicable to other lysosomal storage disorders. View Publication

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow within niches that provide microenvironmental signals in the form of biophysical cues,bound and diffusible biomolecules,and heterotypic cell-cell interactions that influence HSC fate decisions. This study seeks to inform the development of a synthetic culture platform that promotes ex vivo HSC expansion without exhaustion. A library of methacrylamide-functionalized gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels is used to explore remodeling and crosstalk from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) on the expansion and quiescence of murine HSCs. The use of a degradable GelMA hydrogel enables MSC-mediated remodeling,yielding dynamic shifts in the matrix environment over time. An initially low-diffusivity hydrogel for co-culture of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to MSCs facilitates maintenance of an early progenitor cell population over 7 days. Excitingly,this platform promotes retention of a quiescent HSC population compared to HSC monocultures. These studies reveal MSC-density-dependent upregulation of MMP-9 and changes in hydrogel mechanical properties ($\Delta$E = 2.61 ± 0.72) suggesting MSC-mediated matrix remodeling may contribute to a dynamic culture environment. Herein,a 3D hydrogel is reported for ex vivo HSC culture,in which HSC expansion and quiescence is sensitive to hydrogel properties,MSC co-culture,and MSC-mediated hydrogel remodeling. View Publication

Neural organoids have the potential to improve our understanding of human brain development and neurological disorders. However,it remains to be seen whether these tissues can model circuit formation with functional neuronal output. Here we have adapted air–liquid interface culture to cerebral organoids,leading to improved neuronal survival and axon outgrowth. The resulting thick axon tracts display various morphologies,including long-range projection within and away from the organoid,growth-cone turning,and decussation. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals various cortical neuronal identities,and retrograde tracing demonstrates tract morphologies that match proper molecular identities. These cultures exhibit active neuronal networks,and subcortical projecting tracts can innervate mouse spinal cord explants and evoke contractions of adjacent muscle in a manner dependent on intact organoid-derived innervating tracts. Overall,these results reveal a remarkable self-organization of corticofugal and callosal tracts with a functional output,providing new opportunities to examine relevant aspects of human CNS development and disease. View Publication

Parasitic helminths cause significant damage as they migrate through host tissues to complete their life cycle. While chronic helminth infections are characterized by a well-described Type 2 immune response,the early,tissue-invasive stages are not well understood. Here we investigate the immune pathways activated during the early stages of Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb),a natural parasitic roundworm of mice. In contrast to the Type 2 immune response present at later stages of infection,a robust Type 1 immune signature including IFNg production was dominant at the time of parasite invasion and granuloma formation. This early response was associated with an accumulation of activated Natural Killer (NK) cells,with no increase of other innate lymphoid cell populations. Parabiosis and confocal microscopy studies indicated that NK cells were recruited from circulation to the small intestine,where they surrounded parasitic larvae. NK cell recruitment required IFN$\gamma$ receptor signaling,but was independent of CXCR3 expression. The depletion of tissue-infiltrating NK cells altered neither worm burden nor parasite fitness,but increased vascular injury,suggesting a role for NK cells in mediating tissue protection. Together,these data identify an unexpected role for NK cells in promoting disease tolerance during the invasive stage of an enteric helminth infection. View Publication

The higher-order architecture observed in biological systems,like viruses,is very effective in nucleic acid transport. The replications of this system has been attempted with both synthetic and naturally occurring polymers with mixed results. Here we describe a peptide/siRNA quaternary complex that functions as an siRNA delivery system. The rational design of a peptide assembly is inspired by the viral capsids,but not derived from them. We selected the collagen peptide (COL) to provide the structural stability and the folding framework,and hybridize it with the cell penetrating peptide (CPP) that allows for effective penetration of biological barriers. The peptide/siRNA quaternary complex forms stoichiometric,10 nm nanoparticles,that show fast cellular uptake ({\textless}30 min),effective siRNA release,and gene silencing. The complex provides capsid-like protection for siRNA against nucleases without being immunostimulatory,or cytotoxic. Our data suggests that delivery vehicles based on synthetic quaternary structures that exhibit higher-order architecture may be effective in improving delivery and release of nucleic acid cargo. View Publication

Stem cell competition could shed light on the tissue-based quality control mechanism that prevents carcinogenesis. To quantitatively evaluate stem cell competition in vitro,we developed a two-color intestinal organoid forming system. First,we improved a protocol of culturing organoids from intestinal leucine-rich-repeat containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)- enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)high stem cells directly sorted on Matrigel without embedding. The organoid-forming potential (OFP) was 25{\%} of Lgr5-EGFPhigh cells sorted at one cell per well. Using this culture protocol with lineage tracing,we established a two-color organoid culture system by mixing stem cells expressing different fluorescent colors. To analyze stem cell competition,two-color organoids were formed by mixing X-ray-irradiated and non-irradiated intestinal stem cells. In the two-color organoids,irradiated stem cells exhibited a growth disadvantage,although the OFP of irradiated cells alone did not decrease significantly from that of non-irradiated cells. These results suggest that stem cell competition can be evaluated quantitively in vitro using our new system. View Publication