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UNLABELLED: Human stem cells from adult sources have been shown to contribute to the regeneration of muscle,liver,heart,and vasculature. The mechanisms by which this is accomplished are,however,still not well understood. We tested the engraftment and regenerative potential of human umbilical cord blood-derived ALDH(hi)Lin(-),and ALDH(lo)Lin(-) cells following transplantation to NOD/SCID or NOD/SCID beta2m null mice with experimentally induced acute myocardial infarction. We used combined nanoparticle labeling and whole organ fluorescent imaging to detect human cells in multiple organs 48 hours post transplantation. Engraftment and regenerative effects of cell treatment were assessed four weeks post transplantation. We found that ALDH(hi)Lin(-) stem cells specifically located to the site of injury 48 hours post transplantation and engrafted the infarcted heart at higher frequencies than ALDH(lo)Lin(-) committed progenitor cells four weeks post transplantation. We found no donor derived cardiomyocytes and few endothelial cells of donor origin. Cell treatment was not associated with any detectable functional improvement at the four week endpoint. There was,however,a significant increase in vascular density in the central infarct zone of ALDH(hi)Lin(-) cell-treated mice,as compared to PBS and ALDH(lo)Lin(-) cell-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that adult human stem cells do not become a significant part of the regenerating tissue,but rapidly home to and persist only temporarily at the site of hypoxic injury to exert trophic effects on tissue repair thereby enhancing vascular recovery. View Publication

The pressing demand to elucidate the biology of human embryonic stem (ES) cells and to realize their therapeutic potential has greatly promoted the progresses in the optimization of the culture systems used for this highly promising cell type. These progresses include the characterization of exogenous regulators of pluripotency and differentiation,the development of animal-free,defined,and scalable culture systems,and some pioneering efforts to establish good manufactory practice facilities to derive and expand clinical-grade human ES cells and their derivatives. All of these advancements appear to be also applicable to the derivation and culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells,an ES cell-like cell type derived from somatic cells via reprogramming. This review attempts to summarize these progresses and discuss some of the remaining challenges. View Publication

We have derived 30 human embryonic stem cell lines from supernumerary blastocysts in our laboratory. During the derivation process,we have studied new and safe method to establish good quality lines. All our human embryonic stem cell lines have been derived using human foreskin fibroblasts as feeder cells. The 26 more recent lines were derived in a medium containing serum replacement instead of fetal calf serum. Mechanical isolation of the inner cell mass using flexible metal needles was used in deriving the 10 latest lines. The lines are karyotypically normal,but culture adaptation in two lines has been observed. Our human embryonic stem cell lines are banked,and they are available for researchers. View Publication

There are many reports of defined culture systems for the propagation of human embryonic stem cells in the absence of feeder cell support,but no previous study has undertaken a multi-laboratory comparison of these diverse methodologies. In this study,five separate laboratories,each with experience in human embryonic stem cell culture,used a panel of ten embryonic stem cell lines (including WA09 as an index cell line common to all laboratories) to assess eight cell culture methods,with propagation in the presence of Knockout Serum Replacer,FGF-2,and mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder cell layers serving as a positive control. The cultures were assessed for up to ten passages for attachment,death,and differentiated morphology by phase contrast microscopy,for growth by serial cell counts,and for maintenance of stem cell surface marker expression by flow cytometry. Of the eight culture systems,only the control and those based on two commercial media,mTeSR1 and STEMPRO,supported maintenance of most cell lines for ten passages. Cultures grown in the remaining media failed before this point due to lack of attachment,cell death,or overt cell differentiation. Possible explanations for relative success of the commercial formulations in this study,and the lack of success with other formulations from academic groups compared to previously published results,include: the complex combination of growth factors present in the commercial preparations; improved development,manufacture,and quality control in the commercial products; differences in epigenetic adaptation to culture in vitro between different ES cell lines grown in different laboratories. View Publication

We had earlier reported the derivation and characterization of two new sibling human embryonic stem cell lines BJNhem19 and BJNhem20,from discarded grade III embryos of Indian origin. We report here the characteristics of the two sibling cell lines after long-term continuous culture for over 2 yr during which they have been passaged over 200 times. We show that both cell lines adapt well to culture on various mouse and human feeders as well as in feeder-free conditions. The cells show normal diploid karyotype and continue to express all pluripotency markers. Both cell lines differentiate to derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro. However as reported earlier,BJNhem19 is unable to generate teratomas in nude or SCID mice or differentiate to beating cardiomyocytes when tested over several passages during long-term stable culture. On the other hand,the cardiac differentiation capacity of BJNhem20 is greatly increased,and it can generate beating cardiomyocytes that proliferate when isolated and cultured further. In conclusion,the two cell lines have maintained a stable phenotype for over 2 yr and are indeed immortal. Their derivation from grade III embryos does not seem to have any adverse effect on their long-term phenotype. The cells can be obtained for research purposes from the UK Stem Cell Bank and from the authors. View Publication

A large number of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines have been derived worldwide since the first hESC line establishment in 1998. Despite many common characteristics,most important of which is the pluripotency,hESC lines vary significantly in their transcriptional profiles,genetic,and epigenetic state. These differences may arise both from individual genetics of the cell lines and from variations in their handling such as isolation and cultivation. In order to minimize the latter differences,the standardized protocols of cultivation and inter-laboratory comprehensive studies should be performed. In this report,we summarized our experience of derivation and characterization of hESC lines as well as of adaptation of hESCs to novel cultivation protocols. We have successfully derived five hESC lines and characterized them by previously established criteria,including expression of specific markers and the capacity to differentiate both in vitro and in vivo. Four of these lines,namely hESM01-04,were initially derived using mouse fibroblasts as a feeder and currently are maintained under feeder-free,serum-free conditions using mTeSR1 and Matrigel. The fifth line,hESMK05 was derived in feeder-free,serum-free conditions using mTeSR1 and Matrigel. Cell lines retain their pluripotent status and normal karyotype for more than 70 passages and are available to the scientific community. View Publication

Patients with dyskeratosis congenita (DC),a disorder of telomere maintenance,suffer degeneration of multiple tissues. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells represent invaluable in vitro models for human degenerative disorders like DC. A cardinal feature of iPS cells is acquisition of indefinite self-renewal capacity,which is accompanied by induction of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT). We investigated whether defects in telomerase function would limit derivation and maintenance of iPS cells from patients with DC. Here we show that reprogrammed DC cells overcome a critical limitation in telomerase RNA component (TERC) levels to restore telomere maintenance and self-renewal. We discovered that TERC upregulation is a feature of the pluripotent state,that several telomerase components are targeted by pluripotency-associated transcription factors,and that in autosomal dominant DC,transcriptional silencing accompanies a 3' deletion at the TERC locus. Our results demonstrate that reprogramming restores telomere elongation in DC cells despite genetic lesions affecting telomerase,and show that strategies to increase TERC expression may be therapeutically beneficial in DC patients. View Publication

The use of human pluripotent stem cells,including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells,in therapeutic applications will require the development of robust,scalable culture technologies for undifferentiated cells. Advances made in large-scale cultures of other mammalian cells will facilitate expansion of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs),but challenges specific to hESCs will also have to be addressed,including development of defined,humanized culture media and substrates,monitoring spontaneous differentiation and heterogeneity in the cultures,and maintaining karyotypic integrity in the cells. This review will describe our current understanding of environmental factors that regulate hESC self-renewal and efforts to provide these cues in various scalable bioreactor culture systems. View Publication

Reprogramming of a limited number of human cell types has been achieved through ectopic expression of four transcription factors to yield induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that closely resemble human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Here,we determined functional and epigenetic properties of iPS cells generated from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by conventional method of direct reprogramming. Retroviral overexpression of four transcription factors resets HUVEC to the pluripotency. Human endothelial cell-derived iPS (endo-iPS) cells were similar to human ESCs in morphology,gene expression,in vitro and in vivo differentiation capacity. Endo-iPS cells were efficiently differentiated in vitro into endothelial cells. Using genome-wide methylation profiling we show that promoter elements of endothelial specific genes were methylated following reprogramming whereas pluripotency-related gene promoters were hypomethylated similar to levels observed in ESCs. Genome-wide methylation analysis of CpG sites located in the functional regions of over than 14,000 genes indicated that human endo-iPS cells were highly similar to human ES cells,although differences in methylation levels of 46 genes were found. Overall CpG methylation of promoter regions in the pluripotent cells was higher than in somatic. We also show that during reprogramming female human endo-iPS cells exhibited reactivation of the somatically silenced X chromosome. Our findings demonstrate that iPS cells can be generated from human endothelial cells and reprogramming resets epigenetic status of endothelial cells to pluripotency. View Publication

This work describes a genetic approach to isolate small,artificial transmembrane (TM) proteins with biological activity. The bovine papillomavirus E5 protein is a dimeric,44-amino acid TM protein that transforms cells by specifically binding and activating the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGFbetaR). We used the E5 protein as a scaffold to construct a retrovirus library expressing approximately 500,000 unique 44-amino acid proteins with randomized TM domains. We screened this library to select small,dimeric TM proteins that were structurally unrelated to erythropoietin (EPO),but specifically activated the human EPO receptor (hEPOR). These proteins did not activate the murine EPOR or the PDGFbetaR. Genetic studies with one of these activators suggested that it interacted with the TM domain of the hEPOR. Furthermore,this TM activator supported erythroid differentiation of primary human hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro in the absence of EPO. Thus,we have changed the specificity of a protein so that it no longer recognizes its natural target but,instead,modulates an entirely different protein. This represents a novel strategy to isolate small artificial proteins that affect diverse membrane proteins. We suggest the word traptamer" for these transmembrane aptamers." View Publication

The umbilical cord and placenta are extra-embryonic tissues of particular interest for regenerative medicine. They share an early developmental origin and are a source of vast amounts of cells with multilineage differentiation potential that are poorly immunogenic and without controversy. Moreover,these cells are likely exempt from incorporated mutations when compared with juvenile or adult donor cells such as skin fibroblasts or keratinocytes. Here we report the efficient generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mesenchymal cells of the umbilical cord matrix (up to 0.4% of the cells became reprogrammed) and the placental amniotic membrane (up to 0.1%) using exogenous factors and a chemical mixture. iPSCs from these 2 tissues homogeneously showed human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-like characteristics including morphology,positive staining for alkaline phosphatase,normal karyotype,and expression of hESC-like markers including Nanog,Rex1,Oct4,TRA-1-60,TRA-1-80,SSEA-3,and SSEA-4. Selected clones also formed embryonic bodies and teratomas containing derivatives of the 3 germ layers,and could as well be readily differentiated into functional motor neurons. Among other things,our cell lines may prove useful for comparisons between iPSCs derived from multiple tissues regarding the extent of the epigenetic reprogramming,differentiation ability,stability of the resulting lineages,and the risk of associated abnormalities. View Publication

The mammalian embryonic zeta-globin genes,including that of humans,are expressed at the early embryonic stage and then switched off during erythroid development. This autonomous silencing of the zeta-globin gene transcription is probably regulated by the cooperative work of various protein-DNA and protein-protein complexes formed at the zeta-globin promoter and its upstream enhancer (HS-40). We present data here indicating that a protein-binding motif,ZF2,contributes to the repression of the HS-40-regulated human zeta-promoter activity in erythroid cell lines and in transgenic mice. Combined site-directed mutagenesis and EMSA suggest that repression of the human zeta-globin promoter is mediated through binding of the zinc finger factor RREB1 to ZF2. This model is further supported by the observation that human zeta-globin gene transcription is elevated in the human erythroid K562 cell line or the primary erythroid culture upon RNA interference (RNAi)(2) knockdown of RREB1 expression. These data together suggest that RREB1 is a putative repressor for the silencing of the mammalian zeta-globin genes during erythroid development. Because zeta-globin is a powerful inhibitor of HbS polymerization,our experiments have provided a foundation for therapeutic up-regulation of zeta-globin gene expression in patients with severe hemoglobinopathies. View Publication