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Direct cell-cell contact between haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and their cellular microenvironment is essential to maintain 'stemness'. In cancer biology,focal adhesion (FA) proteins are involved in survival signal transduction in a wide variety of human tumours. To define the role of FA proteins in the haematopoietic microenvironment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS),CD73-positive mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were immunostained for paxillin,pFAK [Y(397)],and HSP90α/β and p130CAS,and analysed for reactivity,intensity and cellular localisation. Immunofluorescence microscopy allowed us to identify qualitative and quantitative differences,and subcellular localisation analysis revealed that in pathological MSCs,paxillin,pFAK [Y(397)],and HSP90α/β formed nuclear molecular complexes. Increased expression of paxillin,pFAK [Y(397)],and HSP90α/β and enhanced nuclear co-localisation of these proteins correlated with a consistent proliferative advantage in MSCs from patients with refractory anaemia with excess blasts (RAEB) and negatively impacted clonogenicity of HPCs. These results suggest that signalling via FA proteins could be implicated in HPC-MSC interactions. Further,because FAK is an HSP90α/β client protein,these results suggest the utility of HSP90α/β inhibition as a target for adjuvant therapy for myelodysplasia. View Publication

Microbial growth in damp indoor environments has been correlated with risks to human health. This study was aimed to determine the cytotoxicity of 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom alcohol")� View Publication

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and their differentiated progeny allow for investigation of important changes/events during normal embryonic development. Currently most of the research is focused on proteinacous changes occurring as a result of differentiation of stem cells and little is known about changes in cell surface glycosylation patterns. Identification of cell lineage specific glycans can help in understanding their role in maintenance,proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore,these glycans can serve as markers for isolation of homogenous populations of cells. Using a panel of eight biotinylated lectins,the glycan expression of hESCs,hESCs-derived human neural progenitors (hNP) cells,and hESCs-derived mesenchymal progenitor (hMP) cells was investigated. Our goal was to identify glycans that are unique for hNP cells and use the corresponding lectins for cell isolation. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry were used to determine expression and localization of glycans,respectively,in each cell type. These results show that the glycan expression changes upon differentiation of hESCs and is different for neural and mesenchymal lineage. For example,binding of PHA-L lectin is low in hESCs (14±4.4%) but significantly higher in differentiated hNP cells (99±0.4%) and hMP cells (90±3%). Three lectins: VVA,DBA and LTL have low binding in hESCs and hMP cells,but significantly higher binding in hNP cells. Finally,VVA lectin binding was used to isolate hNP cells from a mixed population of hESCs,hNP cells and hMP cells. This is the first report that compares glycan expression across these human stem cell lineages and identifies significant differences. Also,this is the first study that uses VVA lectin for isolation for human neural progenitor cells. View Publication

An important risk in the clinical application of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs),including human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESCs and hiPSCs),is teratoma formation by residual undifferentiated cells. We raised a monoclonal antibody against hESCs,designated anti-stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-5,which binds a previously unidentified antigen highly and specifically expressed on hPSCs--the H type-1 glycan. Separation based on SSEA-5 expression through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) greatly reduced teratoma-formation potential of heterogeneously differentiated cultures. To ensure complete removal of teratoma-forming cells,we identified additional pluripotency surface markers (PSMs) exhibiting a large dynamic expression range during differentiation: CD9,CD30,CD50,CD90 and CD200. Immunohistochemistry studies of human fetal tissues and bioinformatics analysis of a microarray database revealed that concurrent expression of these markers is both common and specific to hPSCs. Immunodepletion with antibodies against SSEA-5 and two additional PSMs completely removed teratoma-formation potential from incompletely differentiated hESC cultures. View Publication

Cellular decisions of self-renewal or differentiation arise from integration and reciprocal titration of numerous regulatory networks. Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signalling often intersect in stem and progenitor cells and regulate each other transcriptionally. The biological outcome of signalling through each pathway often depends on the context and timing as cells progress through stages of differentiation. Here,we show that membrane-bound Notch physically associates with unphosphorylated (active) β-catenin in stem and colon cancer cells and negatively regulates post-translational accumulation of active β-catenin protein. Notch-dependent regulation of β-catenin protein did not require ligand-dependent membrane cleavage of Notch or the glycogen synthase kinase-3β-dependent activity of the β-catenin destruction complex. It did,however,require the endocytic adaptor protein Numb and lysosomal activity. This study reveals a previously unrecognized function of Notch in negatively titrating active β-catenin protein levels in stem and progenitor cells. View Publication

Numerous matrices for the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) in vitro have been described. However,their exact composition is typically unknown. Information on the components of these matrices will aid in the development of a fully defined growth surface for hESCs. These matrices typically consist of mixture of proteins present in a wide range of abundance making their characterization challenging. In this study,we performed the proteomic analysis of five previously uncharacterized matrices: CellStart,Human Basement Membrane Extract (Human BME),StemXVivo,Bridge Human Extracellular Matrix (BridgeECM),and mouse embryonic fibroblast conditioned matrix (MEF-CMTX). Based on a proteomics protocol optimized using lysates from HeLa cells,we undertook the analysis of the five complex extracellular matrix (ECM) samples using a combination of strong anion and cation exchange chromatography and SDS-PAGE. For each of these matrices,we identify numerous proteins,indicating their complex nature. We also compared these results with a similar proteomics analysis of the growth matrix,Matrigel™. From these analyses,we observed that fibronectin is a primary component of nearly all hESC supportive matrices. This observation led to the investigation of the suitability of fibronectin as a defined ECM for the growth of hESCs. We found that fibronectin promotes the maintenance of pluripotent H9 and CA1 hESCs in an undifferentiated state using mTeSR1 medium. This finding validates the utility of characterizing matrices used for hESC growth in revealing ECM components required for culturing hESCs in a universally applicable defined system. View Publication

Efficient derivation and isolation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) populations remains a major goal in the field of developmental hematopoiesis. These enticing pluripotent stem cells (comprising both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells) have been successfully used to generate a wide array of hematopoietic cells in vitro,from primitive hematoendothelial precursors to mature myeloid,erythroid,and lymphoid lineage cells. However,to date,PSC-derived cells have demonstrated only limited potential for long-term multilineage hematopoietic engraftment in vivo - the test by which putative HSCs are defined. Successful generation and characterization of HSCs from hPSCs not only requires an efficient in vitro differentiation system that provides insight into the developmental fate of hPSC-derived cells,but also necessitates an in vivo engraftment model that allows identification of specific mechanisms that hinder or promote hematopoietic engraftment. In this chapter,we will describe a method that utilizes firefly luciferase-expressing hPSCs and bioluminescent imaging to noninvasively track the survival,proliferation,and migration of transplanted hPSC-derived cells. Combined with lineage and functional analyses of engrafted cells,this system is a useful tool to gain insight into the in vivo potential of hematopoietic cells generated from hPSCs. View Publication

The availability of human cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has generated -considerable excitement,as these cells are an excellent model system for studying myocardial development and may have eventual application in cell-based cardiac repair. Cardiomyocytes derived from the related induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have similar properties,but also offer the prospects of patient-specific disease modeling and cell therapies. Unfortunately,the methods by which cardiomyocytes have been historically generated from pluripotent stem cells are unreliable and typically result in preparations of low cardiac purity (typically textless1% cardiomyocytes). We detail here the methods for a recently reported directed cardiac differentiation protocol,which involves the serial application of two growth factors known to be involved in early embryonic heart development,activin A,and bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4). This protocol reliably yields preparations of 30-60% cardiomyocytes,which can then be further enriched to textgreater90% cardiomyocytes using straightforward physical methods. View Publication

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) amplicon vectors possess a number of features that make them excellent vectors for the delivery of transgenes into stem cells. HSV-1 amplicon vectors are capable of efficiently transducing both dividing and nondividing cells and since the virus is quite large,152 kb,it is of sufficient size to allow for incorporation of entire genomic DNA loci with native promoters. HSV-1 amplicon vectors can also be used to incorporate and deliver to cells a variety of sequences that allow extrachromosomal retention. These elements offer advantages over integrating vectors as they avoid transgene silencing and insertional mutagenesis. The construction of amplicon vectors carrying extrachromosomal retention elements,their packaging into HSV-1 viral particles,and the use of HSV-1 amplicons for stem cell transduction will be described. View Publication

Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs),which include human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) as well as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs),represent an important source of cellular therapies in regenerative medicine and the study of early human development. As such,it is becoming increasingly important to develop methods for the large-scale banking of human PSC lines. There are several well-established methods for the propagation of human PSCs. The key to development of a good manufacturing practice (GMP) bank is to determine a manufacturing method that is amenable to large-scale production using materials that are fully documented. We have developed several banks of hESCs using animal feeder cells,animal-based matrices,or animal-free matrices. Protocols for growing hESCs on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are well established and are very helpful for producing research grade banks of cells. As most human ESCs cultured by research laboratories have been exposed to xenogeneic reagents,it is not imperative that all materials used in the production of a master cell bank be animal-free in origin. Nevertheless,as the field develops,it will no doubt become increasingly important to produce a bank of cells for clinical use without xenogeneic reagents,particularly nonhuman feeder cells which might harbor viruses with potential risk to human health or cell product integrity. Thus,even for cell lines previously exposed to xenogeneic reagents,it is important to minimize any subsequent exposure of the cell lines to additional adventitious agents. We have specifically described procedures for the growth of hESCs on Matrigel,an animal-matrix,and CELLstart,an animal-free matrix,and these can be used to produce hESCs as part of a clinical manufacturing process. View Publication

Our ability to guide differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) toward desired lineages efficiently and reproducibly in xeno-free conditions is the key to advancing hPSC technology from the laboratory to clinical use. Here we report an engineered biomimetic substrate functionalized with both peptide ligands for α5β1 and α6β1 integrins to support efficient early mesodermal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) when cultured in a differentiation medium containing BMP4. In contrast,mesodermal differentiation is not induced on substrates functionalized with either ligand alone even though the culture medium is identical. Mesodermal differentiation was characterized by immunofluorescent staining,flow cytometric analysis,and RT-PCR analysis of early mesodermal markers Brachyury,Mixl1,and Wnt3. The early mesodermal progenitors derived on the substrate functionalized with both integrin ligands have the normal developmental potential to further differentiate along the hemato-endothelial and cardiac lineages. Immobilized ligands for α5β1 and α6β1 integrins both are permissive,necessary,and sufficient insoluble ligands in this engineered system to support early mesodermal differentiation of hESCs. This synthetic substrate,in conjunction with defined soluble factors,constructs a well-controlled and xeno-free early mesodermal differentiation niche that offers advantages over the previously reported niche constructed with the Matrigel-coated substrate. View Publication

Elucidating the in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is important for understanding both normal and pathological hematopoietic development in vivo. For this purpose,a robust and simple hematopoietic differentiation system that can faithfully trace in vivo hematopoiesis is necessary. In this study,we established a novel serum-free monolayer culture that can trace the in vivo hematopoietic pathway from ES/iPS cells to functional definitive blood cells via mesodermal progenitors. Stepwise tuning of exogenous cytokine cocktails induced the hematopoietic mesodermal progenitors via primitive streak cells. These progenitors were then differentiated into various cell lineages depending on the hematopoietic cytokines present. Moreover,single cell deposition assay revealed that common bipotential hemoangiogenic progenitors were induced in our culture. Our system provides a new,robust,and simple method for investigating the mechanisms of mesodermal and hematopoietic differentiation. View Publication