技术资料

T-cell exhaustion contributes to immunotherapy failure in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Here,we analyze T cells from CLL patients’ blood,bone marrow,and lymph nodes,as well as from a CLL mouse model,using single-cell RNA sequencing,mass cytometry,and tissue imaging. T cells in CLL lymph nodes show the most distinct profiles,with accumulation of regulatory T cells and CD8+ T cells in various exhaustion states,including precursor (TPEX) and terminally exhausted (TEX) cells. Integration of T-cell receptor sequencing data and use of the predicTCR classifier suggest an enrichment of CLL-reactive T cells in lymph nodes. Interactome studies reveal potential immunotherapy targets,notably galectin-9,a TIM3 ligand. Inhibiting galectin-9 in mice reduces disease progression and TIM3+ T cells. Galectin-9 expression also correlates with worse survival in CLL and other cancers,suggesting its role in immune evasion and potential as a therapeutic target. Multi-omics can be used to characterise tumour and immune cell populations. Here the authors use multi-omics to characterise CLL blood and tissue samples and use prediction models for CLL TCR specificity and implicate interactions between galectin-9 and TIM3 as involved in CLL immune escape and propose galectin-9 as a possible immunotherapy target. View Publication

AbstractObjectivesTumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) are widely used and effective as treatment for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). However,TNFi therapy causes a faster waning of antibody responses following vaccination. The underlying cause by which TNFi affect humoral immunity remains to be elucidated. The formation of long-lasting,high-affinity antibodies after vaccination results from germinal centre (GC)-derived,T cell-dependent B-cell responses. Therefore,this study investigated how TNFi affect the formation and maintenance of antigen-specific B- and CD4+ T-cell responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.MethodsSARS-CoV-2 spike-specific B-cell responses were characterised using spectral flow cytometry. Spike-specific CD4+ T cells were measured using an activation-induced marker assay. 15 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with TNFi were compared with 9 IBD patients without systemic immunosuppression and 10 healthy controls.ResultsSpike-specific CD4+T-cell frequency and phenotype,including T follicular helper cells,were not affected by TNFi. Total spike-specific B-cell frequencies were reduced in TNFi-treated patients. Deep phenotyping revealed lower IgG+memory B-cell frequencies in TNFi-treated patients 3–6 months after vaccination. These data were confirmed in TNFi-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients. Interestingly,already at day 7 after the second vaccination,TNFi therapy reduced the induction of class-switched CD11c- CD71+activated B cells,which are believed to be GC-derived. Conversely,CD11c+B cells,associated with extrafollicular B-cell responses,were not affected by TNFi therapy.ConclusionsThese data suggest that TNFi therapy affects the differentiation of GC-derived B cells,which may explain its effect on humoral immune responses. View Publication

Induction of ferroptosis,an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death,holds promise as a strategy to overcome tumor resistance to conventional therapies and enhance immunotherapy responses. However,while the susceptibility of tumor cells to ferroptosis is extensively studied,limited data exists on the vulnerability of immune cells to disturbed iron balance and lipid peroxidation. Here,we found that T-cell stimulation rewires iron and redox homeostasis and by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species and labile iron promotes lipid peroxidation and T-cells’ ferroptosis. Upon stimulation,we detected changes in the balance of ferroptosis-suppressive proteins,including decrease of GPX4. Subsequently,we identified GPX4 as a master regulator orchestrating T/CAR-T-cells’ sensitivity to ferroptosis and observed that GPX4 inhibitors impair CAR-T cells’ antitumor functions. Our study demonstrated differential GPX4 expression and diverse susceptibility to ferroptosis between CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. Among analyzed subsets of naïve,central memory (CM),effector memory (EM),and terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA),CD8⁺ EM and CD8⁺ TEMRA cells exhibited the highest sensitivity to ferroptosis. We also showed that ferroptosis limited the anti-tumor efficacy of CAR-T cells,while ferroptosis inhibition improved their therapeutic effect,both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings are not only important to understand vulnerabilities of CAR-T cells but may also hold particular significance for their therapeutic development. In this context,future anticancer therapies should be carefully designed to selectively induce the ferroptosis of tumor cells without impeding cytotoxic cells’ antitumor efficacy. Additionally,we postulate that promoting less differentiated phenotype of CAR-T cells should be exploited therapeutically to create CAR-T products characterized by decreased sensitivity to ferroptosis within tumor microenvironment.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00262-025-04133-w. View Publication

AbstractBackgroundAdoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing natural killer (NK) cells has demonstrated success against hematological malignancies. Efficacy against solid tumors has been limited by poor NK cell survival and function in the suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To enhance efficacy against solid tumors,stimulatory cytokines have been incorporated into CAR-NK cell therapeutic approaches. However,current cytokine strategies have limitations,including systemic toxicities,exogenous dependencies,and unwanted TME bystander effects. Here,we aimed to overcome these limitations by modifying CAR-NK cells to express a constitutively active interleukin (IL)-7 receptor,termed C7R,capable of providing intrinsic CAR-NK cell activation that does not rely on or produce exogenous signals nor activate bystander cells.MethodsWe examined persistence,antitumor function,and transcriptional profiles of CAR-NK cells coexpressing C7R in a novel tumor immune microenvironment (TiME) co-culture system and against hematologic and solid tumor xenografts in vivo.ResultsPeripheral blood NK cells expressing a CAR directed against the solid tumor antigen GD2 and modified with C7R demonstrated enhanced tumor killing and persistence in vitro compared with CAR-NK cells without cytokine support and similar functions to CAR-NK cells supplemented with recombinant IL-15. C7R.CAR-NK cells exhibited enhanced survival and proliferation within neuroblastoma TiME xenografts in vivo but produced poor long-term tumor control compared with CAR-NK cells supplemented with IL-15. Similar results were seen using C7R-expressing CD19.CAR-NK cells against CD19+leukemia xenografts. Gene expression analysis revealed that chronic signaling via C7R induced a transcriptional signature consistent with intratumor stressed NK cells with blunted effector function. We identified gene candidates associated with chronic cytokine-stressed NK cells that could be targeted to reduce CAR-NK cell stress within the solid TME.ConclusionC7R promoted CAR-NK cell survival in hostile TMEs independent of exogenous signals but resulted in poor antitumor function in vivo. Our data reveals the detrimental role of continuous IL-7 signaling in CAR-NK cells and provides insights into proper application of cytokine signals when attempting to enhance CAR-NK cell antitumor activity. View Publication

ABSTRACTCD8+ T cells are central to targeting and eliminating cancer cells. Their function is critically supported by type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s),which both prime antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells in tumour‐draining lymph nodes (tdLNs) and sustain primed CD8+ T cells within tumours. Despite their importance,the spatiotemporal organisation of cDC1s within tumours and their diverse functional roles remain poorly understood. Here,we use scRNAseq and unbiased spatial analysis to construct a detailed map of cDC1 states and distribution within immunogenic mouse tumours during CD8+ T‐cell‐mediated rejection. We reveal two distinct cDC1 activation states characterised by differential expression of genes linked to anti‐tumour immunity,including Cxcl9 and Il12b. Strikingly,Il12b‐expressing cDC1s are CCR7+ and enriched at tumour borders,where they closely associate with stem‐like TCF1+ CD8+ T cells. In contrast,CCR7– Cxcl9‐expressing cDC1s are preferentially found within the tumour parenchyma alongside effector CD8+ T cells. Analysis of a published dataset of human tumours similarly reveals a spatial association between CCR7+ cDC1 and stem‐like TCF1+ CD8+ T cells. These findings uncover a highly spatially coordinated interaction between cDC1s and CD8+ T cells within tumours,shedding light on the intricate cellular dynamics that underpin effective anti‐tumour immunity. Using scRNAseq and spatial analysis,we analyse cDC1 states and spatial distribution in tumours during immune‐mediated rejection. We identify two cDC1 activation states,each occupying different regions and associated with distinct CD8+ T cell populations. This reveals the spatial organisation of cDC1 states that may be key to anti‐tumour immunity. View Publication

IntroductionT cells are major components of the immune system. Their activation requires interaction between the T cell receptor and co-stimulatory molecules,crucial during infection,inflammation,and allogeneic rejection. Monomeric CRP (mCRP) is a known modulator of inflammation and particularly the innate immune response,however its interaction with T cells as part of the adaptive immune response remains unclear.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and T cells were isolated. Flow cytometric analysis was conducted to evaluate Fcγ receptor CD16 expression on T cells,the binding of CRP to T cells,and its impact on proliferation and apoptosis. T cell activation was assessed after 1,2,3,5 and 7 days by assessing CD69 and CD25 expression,and under various conditions including coculture with monocytes and several inhibitory factors.ResultsT cells express CD16 that binds mCRP in a concentration-dependent manner,and particularly on activated T cells. While mCRP reduces apoptosis and accelerates proliferation in T cells,it does not independently activate them. However,activation of monocytes by mCRP leads to T cell activation,indicating a direct cell to cell interaction during CRP-induced activation. This effect could be alleviated by inhibition of the CD80/CD28 pathway.ConclusionCRP does not activate T Cells directly but via PI3-kinase-dependent activation of monocytes and subsequent CD80/CD28 cell to cell contact. The findings suggest the effects of CRP on T cells depend on their environment and the presence of other proinflammatory agents. View Publication

BackgroundMacrophages play a crucial role in the development of early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE),which may be closely associated with an imbalance in macrophage M1/M2 polarization. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) have anti-inflammatory,tissue repair,and immunomodulatory functions. MSC-apoVs may ameliorate EOPE by regulating macrophage polarization,but the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified.MethodsMacrophage infiltration and M1/M2 polarization were first analyzed in the placentas of PE patients and normal pregancies to identify macrophage alterations in EOPE placentas. MSC-apoVs were extracted and characterized. The effects of MSC-apoVs on macrophage polarization and trophoblasts invasion were validated in vivo and in vitro. miRNA transcriptomic sequencing of MSC-apoVs was conducted to identify key miRNAs involved in macrophage M2 polarization and to investigate upstream and downstream regulation factors,which were further validated in vivo and in vitro.ResultsThe proportion of M2 macrophages was significantly reduced in EOPE placentas. MSC-apoVs carrying high levels of miR-191-5p recruited macrophages,downregulated CDK6 protein expression,stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP),and promoted M2 polarization of macrophages. This enhanced the invasion of trophoblasts and improved EOPE pregnancy outcomes in mice,including reduced blood pressure,decreased urine protein,and improved embryo quality. Overexpression of miR-191-5p mimics in MSC-apoVs further alleviated EOPE-related symptoms,whereas inhibition of miR-191-5p reduced the therapeutic effect of MSC-apoVs. Further experiments confirmed that M2 macrophages polarized by MSC-apoVs promote trophoblasts invasion by secreting platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB),which binds to platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-β) on trophoblasts,directly activating the downstream PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway,thereby improving EOPE.ConclusionOur findings reveal the crucial role of M2 macrophages in the pathogenesis of EOPE. MSC-apoVs with high miR-191-5p recruit macrophages,downregulate CDK6,stabilize MMP,and promote M2 polarization,increasing PDGF-AB secretion,which enhances trophoblasts invasion and thereby treat EOPE. Therefore,MSC-apoVs therapy may serve as a promising strategy to improve the prognosis of EOPE.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-025-04546-5. View Publication

FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells restrict excessive immune responses and immunopathology as well as reactivity to self or environmental antigens and thus are crucial for peripheral immune tolerance. The transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) controls differentiation and function of T cells. In Treg cells,IRF4 is required for peripheral activation and maturation to effector Treg (eTreg) cells with enhanced suppressive function. However,the mechanisms of Treg cell regulation by IRF4 are not fully understood. Here,we analyze the role of IRF4 in differentiation and maintenance of Treg cells using IRF4-deficient mice and a T cell transfer model,that allows Irf4 inactivation in peripheral T cells. We demonstrate that loss of one Irf4 allele already results in impaired eTreg cell differentiation and decreased Treg cell homeostasis,indicating that IRF4 controls peripheral Treg cell differentiation in a gene dosage dependent mode. Peripheral Irf4 inactivation was also associated with enhanced production of inflammatory but also inhibitory cytokines by Treg cells. ATAC sequencing of Treg cells after mutation of one or both Irf4 alleles revealed regions with altered accessibility in genes involved in Treg cell function. In the FoxP3 gene,Irf4 inactivation resulted in reduced ATAC signals in the promoter region and in the conserved non-coding sequence (CNS) 2,required for stability of FoxP3 expression in peripheral Treg cells in response to TCR stimulation. IRF4-deficient Treg cells also displayed a reduction in open chromatin in several Treg cell specific super enhancers,mainly located in proximity to potential IRF4 binding sites. In conclusion,our results demonstrate that IRF4 controls peripheral Treg cell differentiation and homeostasis in a gene dosage dependent manner. View Publication

Previously,we reported that Lactobacillus paragasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and induces interferon alpha (IFN-α) in vitro. Our clinical trial suggested that LG2055 intake may enhance pDC activity,supporting immune maintenance and reducing subjective common cold symptoms. However,the precise mechanisms remain unclear. In this study,we investigated how LG2055 engages with pDCs to stimulate IFN-α production. We evaluated LG2055-induced pDC activation using flow cytometry,ELISA,and phagocytosis assays. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with LG2055 and its components to evaluate immune responses. An in vitro M cell model was used to examine LG2055 translocation. We found that DNA extracted from LG2055 activated pDCs and enhanced IFN-α production via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Phagocytosis assays demonstrated that LG2055 DNA was internalized by PBMC-derived pDCs,enabling TLR9-mediated signaling. Additionally,LG2055 translocated across M cells in vitro,suggesting potential transport into Peyer’s patches,where it may interact with pDCs. These findings demonstrate that intestinal LG2055 can translocate across M cells,interact with pDCs,and exert immune-stimulatory effects to enhance host antiviral immunity. This study provides mechanistic insight into how dietary components support immune health and could inform the development of novel functional foods or therapeutic strategies. View Publication

BackgroundT cells are contributors to atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing T helper (ThGM) cells,a specialized helper T cell subset that highly expresses GM-CSF but lacks other helper T cell markers,could exacerbate atherosclerosis development. Calycosin has been reported to suppress atherosclerosis progression. However,the effect of calycosin on ThGM cells is unknown. This study was designed to test the calycosin-induced impact on the pro-atherosclerotic function of ThGM cells in a mouse atherosclerosis model.MethodsApolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice were fed a high-fat diet and calycosin. The phenotype and cytokine expression of aortic ThGM cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Calycosin-derived influences on ThGM cell differentiation,proliferation,and function were determined by flow cytometry,quantitative RT-PCR,Immunoblotting,gene silencing assays,and co-culture with macrophages.ResultsAortic ThGM cell frequency was attenuated after calycosin administration. Live aortic ThGM cells,phenotypically featuring CD4+CCR6−CCR8−CXCR3−CCR10+,showed slower proliferation and weaker macrophage-activating capability in calycosin-treated mice. Besides,calycosin repressed in vitro ThGM cell differentiation and subsequently impaired ThGM cell-mediated macrophage activation,oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) uptake,and foam cell formation. Importantly,calycosin upregulated nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 (NR4A3) in ThGM cells. NR4A3 silencing partially restored the function of calycosin-treated ThGM cells.ConclusionCalycosin inhibits ThGM cell activity to suppress ThGM-cell-mediated activation of pro-atherosclerotic macrophages to ultimately ameliorate atherosclerosis progression. Therefore,we revealed a novel mechanism by which calycosin protects against atherosclerosis. View Publication

IntroductionRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune disease affecting approximately 1% of the global population and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Given the known anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoids,we investigated the therapeutic potential of a high-CBD extract,termed CBD-X,by assessing its effects on immune cells and disease progression. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a high-CBD extract (CBD-X) in RA.MethodsWe evaluated the effects of CBD-X on cells involved in RA pathogenesis using macrophages and primary human neutrophils as ex vivo models. In addition,two murine models of RA were applied: collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA).ResultsEx vivo experiments demonstrated that CBD-X inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines,including IL-1β from macrophages and IL-8,IL-6,and TNF-α from human neutrophils,suggesting its potential to modulate inflammatory responses. Moreover,CBD-X attenuated NF-κB p65 and Akt phosphorylation downstream LPS-activation signal in neutrophils. To further evaluate its therapeutic effects,we employed two murine models of RA: collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA). In both models,CBD-X treatment resulted in a significant reduction of leukocyte levels in the blood,primarily through the suppression of neutrophil and monocyte populations,which play a central role in RA pathogenesis. Additionally,CBD-X reduced neutrophil migration to the joints in the CAIA model,highlighting its potential to alleviate joint inflammation. Furthermore,it modulated the neutrophil-to-macrophage ratio (NMR),an important marker of RA progression,an effect that was not observed with dexamethasone treatment,suggesting a distinct mechanism of immune regulation. Notably,CBD-X promoted the pro-resolving macrophages to the rheumatic joints. Importantly,CBD-X exerted its anti-inflammatory effect by downregulating TNF-α and MCP-1 while upregulating IL-10,a key anti-inflammatory cytokine involved in immune homeostasis.DiscussionThese findings indicate that CBD-X has a significant potential as a therapeutic agent for RA,offering a promising approach to modulate immune responses and reduce inflammation in RA patients. View Publication

SummaryA strong interest in drugs targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) necessitates new experimental systems that incorporate key TME components. Compared to traditional 2D cell lines,3D ex vivo spheroids from patient-derived xenograft (PDX) materials may better capture patient tumor characteristics. We developed and validated a 3D tumor spheroid model from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) PDXs to enable T cell infiltration. Histologic and transcriptomic analysis suggested that tumor spheroids closely recapitulate the source PDX tumor tissues. Consistent T cell infiltration into tumor spheroids was achieved using a well-established magnetic nanoparticle technology,which maintained T cell function and tumor-killing activity. Drug treatment studies with immunotherapy agents also demonstrated the potential scalability of 3D tumor-T cell spheroids in assessing drug activity,including tumor viability and cytokine secretion. This platform provides a useful tool for evaluating drug candidates that can be translated to patient tumor responses related to both tumor intrinsic and TME factors. Graphical abstract Highlights•We developed a 3D tumor spheroid model from lung cancer patient-derived xenografts•The model enabled robust T cell infiltration and preserved T cell cytotoxic functions•Histology and RNA-seq showed that tumor spheroids closely resembled source tumors•Proof-of-concept experiments showed this platform’s utility in preclinical drug testing Biological sciences; Biotechnology; Natural sciences; Tissue Engineering View Publication