技术资料

In vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) recapitulates early aspects of human embryogenesis,but the underlying processes are poorly understood and controlled. Here we show that modulating the bulk cell density (BCD: cell number per culture volume) deterministically alters anteroposterior patterning of primitive streak (PS)-like priming. The BCD in conjunction with the chemical WNT pathway activator CHIR99021 results in distinct paracrine microenvironments codifying hPSCs towards definitive endoderm,precardiac or presomitic mesoderm within the first 24 h of differentiation,respectively. Global gene expression and secretome analysis reveals that TGFß superfamily members,antagonist of Nodal signalling LEFTY1 and CER1,are paracrine determinants restricting PS progression. These data result in a tangible model disclosing how hPSC-released factors deflect CHIR99021-induced lineage commitment over time. By demonstrating a decisive,functional role of the BCD,we show its utility as a method to control lineage-specific differentiation. Furthermore,these findings have profound consequences for inter-experimental comparability,reproducibility,bioprocess optimization and scale-up. View Publication

The gene of ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 8 (Abcc8) is cytogenetically located at 11p15.1 and encodes the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1). SUR1 is a subunit of ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KAPT) in the β-cell regulating insulin secretion. Mutations of ABCC8 are responsible for congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI). Here we reported that an Abcc8 heterozygous mutant cell line was generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technique with 1bp insertion resulting in abnormal splicing on human embryonic stem cell line H1. The phenotypic characteristics of this cell line reveal defective KATP channel and diazoxide-responsive that provides ideal model for molecular pathology research and drug screening for CHI. View Publication

Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line chHES-468 was derived from abnormal blastocyst donated by polycystic kidney syndrome (PKD) patient after preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) treatment. DNA sequencing analysis confirmed that chHES-468 cell line carried a heterozygous mutation,c.1052610527delAG,of PKD1. Characteristic tests proved that the chHES-468 cell line presented typical markers of pluripotency and had the capability to form the three germ layers both in vitro and in vivo. View Publication

Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line chHES-480 was derived from abnormal blastocyst diagnosed with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) after preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) treatment. DNA sequencing analysis confirmed that chHES-480 cell line carried a hemizygous missense mutation c.1825GtextgreaterA(p.Glu609Lys) of ABCD1 gene. Characteristic tests proved that the chHES-480 cell line presented typical markers of pluripotency and had the capability to form the three germ layers both in vitro and in vivo. View Publication

Spinocerebellar ataxia type3 (SCA3) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. Human embryonic stem cell line chHES-472 was derived from abnormal embryo donated by SCA3 patient after preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) treatment. This cell line had a normal karyotype and retained the disease-causing mutant in ATXN3 gene. Characteristic tests proved that the embryonic stem cell line presented typical markers of pluripotency and had the capability to form the three germlayers in vivo. View Publication

Fibroblasts from a male patient with compound heterozygous variants in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene (TH; OMIM: 191290; c.[385-CtextgreaterT]; [692-GtextgreaterC]/p.[R129*]; [R231P]),the rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis,were reprogrammed to iPSCs using episomal reprogramming delivering the reprogramming factors Oct3/4,Sox2,L-Myc,Lin28,Klf4 and p53 shRNA Okita et al. (2011). Pluripotency of TH-1 iPSC was verified by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analysis. Cells exhibited a normal karyotype and differentiated spontaneously into the 3 germ layers in vitro. TH-1 iPSC represents the first model system to study the pathomechanism of this rare metabolic disease and provides a useful tool for drug testing. View Publication

A human cell-based in vitro model that can accurately predict drug penetration into the brain as well as metrics to assess these in vitro models are valuable for the development of new therapeutics. Here,human induced pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are differentiated into a polarized monolayer that express blood-brain barrier (BBB)-specific proteins and have transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) values greater than 2500 Ωtextperiodcenteredcm(2). By assessing the permeabilities of several known drugs,a benchmarking system to evaluate brain permeability of drugs was established. Furthermore,relationships between TEER and permeability to both small and large molecules were established,demonstrating that different minimum TEER thresholds must be achieved to study the brain transport of these two classes of drugs. This work demonstrates that this hPSC-derived BBB model exhibits an in vivo-like phenotype,and the benchmarks established here are useful for assessing functionality of other in vitro BBB models. View Publication

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are ultrafine,filamentous actin-based cytoplasmic extensions which form spontaneously to connect cells at short and long-range distances. We have previously described long-range intercellular communication via TNTs connecting mesothelioma cells in vitro and demonstrated TNTs in intact tumors from patients with mesothelioma. Here,we investigate the ability of TNTs to mediate a viral thymidine kinase based bystander effect after oncolytic viral infection and administration of the nucleoside analog ganciclovir. Using confocal microscopy we assessed the ability of TNTs to propagate enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP),which is encoded by the herpes simplex virus NV1066,from infected to uninfected recipient cells. Using time-lapse imaging,we observed eGFP expressed in infected cells being transferred via TNTs to noninfected cells; additionally,increasing fluorescent activity in recipient cells indicated cell-to-cell transmission of the eGFP-expressing NV1066 virus had also occurred. TNTs mediated cell death as a form of direct cell-to-cell transfer following viral thymidine kinase mediated activation of ganciclovir,inducing a unique long-range form of the bystander effect through transmission of activated ganciclovir to nonvirus-infected cells. Thus,we provide proof-of-principle demonstration of a previously unknown and alternative mechanism for inducing apoptosis in noninfected recipient cells. The conceptual advance of this work is that TNTs can be harnessed for delivery of oncolytic viruses and of viral thymidine kinase activated drugs to amplify the bystander effect between cancer cells over long distances in stroma-rich tumor microenvironments. View Publication

Genome editing of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offers unprecedented opportunities for in vitro disease modeling and personalized cell replacement therapy. The introduction of Cas9-directed genome editing has expanded adoption of this approach. However,marker-free genome editing using standard protocols remains inefficient,yielding desired targeted alleles at a rate of ∼1-5%. We developed a protocol based on a doxycycline-inducible Cas9 transgene carried on a piggyBac transposon to enable robust and highly efficient Cas9-directed genome editing,so that a parental line can be expeditiously engineered to harbor many separate mutations. Treatment with doxycycline and transfection with guide RNA (gRNA),donor DNA and piggyBac transposase resulted in efficient,targeted genome editing and concurrent scarless transgene excision. Using this approach,in 7 weeks it is possible to efficiently obtain genome-edited clones with minimal off-target mutagenesis and with indel mutation frequencies of 40-50% and homology-directed repair (HDR) frequencies of 10-20%. View Publication

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is unavoidable during cardioplegic arrest and open-heart surgery. Danshen is one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines in China,which has entered the Food and Drug Administration-approved phase III clinical trial. This study was aimed to develop a human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) model to mimic I/R injury and evaluate the cardioprotective effect of regular cardioplegic solution with Danshen. hiPSC-CMs were cultured with the crystalloid cardioplegic solution (Thomas group) and Thomas solution with 2 or 10 µg/mL Danshen (Thomas plus Danshen groups). The cells under normoxic culture condition served as baseline group. Then,the cells were placed in a modular incubator chamber. After 45 min hypoxia and 3 h reoxygenation,hiPSC-CMs subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation resulted in a sharp increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in Thomas group versus baseline group. Compared with the Thomas group,ROS accumulation was significant suppressed in Thomas plus Danshen groups,which might result from elevating the content of glutathione and enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The enhanced L-type Ca(2+) current in hiPSC-CMs after I/R injury was also significantly decreased by Danshen,and meanwhile intracellular Ca(2+) level was reduced and calcium overload was suppressed. Thomas plus Danshen groups also presented less irregular transients and lower apoptosis rates. As a result,Danshen could improve antioxidant and calcium handling in cardiomyocytes during I/R and lead to reduced arrhythmia events and apoptosis rates. hiPSC-CMs model offered a platform for the future translational study of the cardioplegia. View Publication

SAMHD1 restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in myeloid cells and CD4(+) T cells,while Vpx can mediate SAMHD1 degradation to promote HIV-1 replication. Although the restriction mechanisms of SAMHD1 have been well-described,SAMHD1 expression and Vpx-mediated SAMHD1 degradation during chronic HIV-1 infection were poorly understood. Flow cytometric analysis was used to directly visualize ex vivo,and after in vitro SIV-Vpx treatment,SAMHD1 expression in CD4(+) T cells and monocytes. Here we report activated CD4(+) T cells without SAMHD1 expression were severely reduced,and SAMHD1 in CD4(+) T cells became susceptible to SIV-Vpx mediated degradation during chronic HIV-1 infection,which was absent from uninfected donors. These alterations were irreversible,even after long-term fully suppressive antiretroviral treatment. Although SAMHD1 expression in CD4(+) T cells and monocytes was not found to correlate with plasma viral load,Vpx-mediated SAMHD1 degradation was associated with indicators of immune activation. In vitro assays further revealed that T-cell activation and an upregulated IFN-I pathway contributed to these altered SAMHD1 properties. These findings provide insight into how immune activation during HIV-1 infection leads to irreparable aberrations in restriction factors and in subsequent viral evasion from host antiviral defenses. View Publication

Maternally inherited mitochondrial (mt)DNA mutations can cause fatal or severely debilitating syndromes in children,with disease severity dependent on the specific gene mutation and the ratio of mutant to wild-type mtDNA (heteroplasmy) in each cell and tissue. Pathogenic mtDNA mutations are relatively common,with an estimated 778 affected children born each year in the United States. Mitochondrial replacement therapies or techniques (MRT) circumventing mother-to-child mtDNA disease transmission involve replacement of oocyte maternal mtDNA. Here we report MRT outcomes in several families with common mtDNA syndromes. The mother's oocytes were of normal quality and mutation levels correlated with those in existing children. Efficient replacement of oocyte mutant mtDNA was performed by spindle transfer,resulting in embryos containing<99% donor mtDNA. Donor mtDNA was stably maintained in embryonic stem cells (ES cells) derived from most embryos. However,some ES cell lines demonstrated gradual loss of donor mtDNA and reversal to the maternal haplotype. In evaluating donor-to-maternal mtDNA interactions,it seems that compatibility relates to mtDNA replication efficiency rather than to mismatch or oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction. We identify a polymorphism within the conserved sequence box II region of the D-loop as a plausible cause of preferential replication of specific mtDNA haplotypes. In addition,some haplotypes confer proliferative and growth advantages to cells. Hence,we propose a matching paradigm for selecting compatible donor mtDNA for MRT. View Publication