技术资料

Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into organ-specific subtypes offers an exciting avenue for the study of embryonic development and disease processes,for pharmacologic studies and as a potential resource for therapeutic transplant. To date,limited in vivo models exist for human intestine,all of which are dependent upon primary epithelial cultures or digested tissue from surgical biopsies that include mesenchymal cells transplanted on biodegradable scaffolds. Here,we generated human intestinal organoids (HIOs) produced in vitro from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that can engraft in vivo. These HIOs form mature human intestinal epithelium with intestinal stem cells contributing to the crypt-villus architecture and a laminated human mesenchyme,both supported by mouse vasculature ingrowth. In vivo transplantation resulted in marked expansion and maturation of the epithelium and mesenchyme,as demonstrated by differentiated intestinal cell lineages (enterocytes,goblet cells,Paneth cells,tuft cells and enteroendocrine cells),presence of functional brush-border enzymes (lactase,sucrase-isomaltase and dipeptidyl peptidase 4) and visible subepithelial and smooth muscle layers when compared with HIOs in vitro. Transplanted intestinal tissues demonstrated digestive functions as shown by permeability and peptide uptake studies. Furthermore,transplanted HIO-derived tissue was responsive to systemic signals from the host mouse following ileocecal resection,suggesting a role for circulating factors in the intestinal adaptive response. This model of the human small intestine may pave the way for studies of intestinal physiology,disease and translational studies. View Publication

Naive embryonic stem cells hold great promise for research and therapeutics as they have broad and robust developmental potential. While such cells are readily derived from mouse blastocysts it has not been possible to isolate human equivalents easily,although human naive-like cells have been artificially generated (rather than extracted) by coercion of human primed embryonic stem cells by modifying culture conditions or through transgenic modification. Here we show that a sub-population within cultures of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) manifests key properties of naive state cells. These naive-like cells can be genetically tagged,and are associated with elevated transcription of HERVH,a primate-specific endogenous retrovirus. HERVH elements provide functional binding sites for a combination of naive pluripotency transcription factors,including LBP9,recently recognized as relevant to naivety in mice. LBP9-HERVH drives hESC-specific alternative and chimaeric transcripts,including pluripotency-modulating long non-coding RNAs. Disruption of LBP9,HERVH and HERVH-derived transcripts compromises self-renewal. These observations define HERVH expression as a hallmark of naive-like hESCs,and establish novel primate-specific transcriptional circuitry regulating pluripotency. View Publication

The ability to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells with properties of cord-blood endothelial colony-forming cells (CB-ECFCs) may enable the derivation of clinically relevant numbers of highly proliferative blood vessel-forming cells to restore endothelial function in patients with vascular disease. We describe a protocol to convert human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) or embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into cells similar to CB-ECFCs at an efficiency of textgreater10(8) ECFCs produced from each starting pluripotent stem cell. The CB-ECFC-like cells display a stable endothelial phenotype with high clonal proliferative potential and the capacity to form human vessels in mice and to repair the ischemic mouse retina and limb,and they lack teratoma formation potential. We identify Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1)-mediated activation of KDR signaling through VEGF165 as a critical mechanism for the emergence and maintenance of CB-ECFC-like cells. View Publication

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are characterized by pluripotency,defined as the developmental potential to generate cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers. In the past decade,great progress has been made on the cell culture conditions,transcription factor programs and intracellular signaling pathways that control both murine and human ES cell fates. ES cells of mouse vs. human origin have distinct culture conditions,responding to some tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in opposite ways. Previous work has implicated the Src family of non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases in mouse ES cell self-renewal and differentiation. Seven members of the Src kinase family are expressed in mouse ES cells,and individual family members appear to play distinct roles in regulating their developmental fate. Both Hck and c-Yes are important in self-renewal,while c-Src activity alone is sufficient to induce differentiation. While these findings implicate Src-family kinase signaling in mouse ES cell renewal and differentiation,the role of this kinase family in human ES cells is largely unknown. Here,we explored Src-family kinase expression patterns and signaling in human ES cells during self-renewal and differentiation. Of the eleven Src-related kinases in the human genome,Fyn,c-Yes,c-Src,Lyn,Lck and Hck were expressed in H1,H7 and H9 hES cells,while Fgr,Blk,Srm,Brk,and Frk transcripts were not detected. Of these,c-Yes,Lyn,and Hck transcript levels remained constant in self-renewing human ES cells vs. differentiated EBs,while c-Src and Fyn showed a modest increase in expression as a function of differentiation. In contrast,Lck expression levels dropped dramatically as a function of EB differentiation. To assess the role of overall Src-family kinase activity in human ES cell differentiation,cultures were treated with inhibitors specific for the Src kinase family. Remarkably,human ES cells maintained in the presence of the potent Src-family kinase inhibitor A-419259 retained the morphology of domed,pluripotent colonies and continued to express the self-renewal marker TRA-1-60 despite culture under differentiation conditions. Taken together,these observations support a role for Src-family kinase signaling in the regulation of human ES cell fate,and suggest that the activities of individual Src-family members are required for the initiation of the differentiation program. View Publication

Due to the unlimited proliferation capacity and the unique differentiation ability of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs),including both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs),large numbers of PSC-derived cell products are in demand for applications in drug screening,disease modeling,and especially cell therapy. In stem cell-based therapy,tracking transplanted cells with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a powerful technique to reveal cell survival and distribution. This chapter illustrated the basic steps of labeling PSC-derived neural progenitors (NPs) with micron-sized particles of iron oxide (MPIO,0.86 $$m) for MRI analysis. The protocol described PSC expansion and differentiation into NPs,and the labeling of the derived cells either after replating on adherent surface or in suspension. The labeled cells can be analyzed using in vitro MRI analysis. The methods presented here can be easily adapted for cell labeling in cell processing facilities under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). The iron oxide-labeled NPs can be used for cellular monitoring of in vitro cultures and in vivo transplantation. View Publication

We have previously demonstrated that the Src family kinase Yes,the Yes-associated protein (YAP) and TEA domain TEAD2 transcription factor pathway are activated by leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and contribute to mouse embryonic stem (mES) cell maintenance of pluripotency and self-renewal. In addition,we have shown that fetal bovine serum (FBS) induces Yes auto-phosphorylation and activation. In the present study we confirm that serum also activates TEAD-dependent transcription in a time- and dose-dependent manner and we identify Inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) as a component in serum capable of activating the Yes/YAP/TEAD pathway by inducing Yes auto-phosphorylation,YAP nuclear localization and TEAD-dependent transcription. The cleaved heavy chain 2 (HC2) sub-component of IαI,is demonstrated to be responsible for this effect. Moreover,IαI is also shown to efficiently increase expression of TEAD-downstream target genes including well-known stem cell factors Nanog and Oct 3/4. IαI is not produced by the ES cells per se but is added to the cells via the cell culture medium containing serum or serum-derived components such as bovine serum albumin (BSA). In conclusion,we describe a novel function of IαI in activating key pluripotency pathways associated with ES cell maintenance and self-renewal. View Publication

Mutations in the RP2 gene lead to a severe form of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. RP2 patients frequently present with nonsense mutations and no treatments are currently available to restore RP2 function. In this study,we reprogrammed fibroblasts from an RP2 patient carrying the nonsense mutation c.519CtextgreaterT (p.R120X) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC),and differentiated these cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) to study the mechanisms of disease and test potential therapies. RP2 protein was undetectable in the RP2 R120X patient cells,suggesting a disease mechanism caused by complete lack of RP2 protein. The RP2 patient fibroblasts and iPSC-derived RPE cells showed phenotypic defects in IFT20 localization,Golgi cohesion and G$\$1 trafficking. These phenotypes were corrected by over-expressing GFP-tagged RP2. Using the translational read-through inducing drugs (TRIDs) G418 and PTC124 (Ataluren),we were able to restore up to 20% of endogenous,full-length RP2 protein in R120X cells. This level of restored RP2 was sufficient to reverse the cellular phenotypic defects observed in both the R120X patient fibroblasts and iPSC-RPE cells. This is the first proof-of-concept study to demonstrate successful read-through and restoration of RP2 function for the R120X nonsense mutation. The ability of the restored RP2 protein level to reverse the observed cellular phenotypes in cells lacking RP2 indicates that translational read-through could be clinically beneficial for patients. View Publication

Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposition induces insertional mutations that can result in diseases. It was recently shown that the copy number of L1 and other retroelements is stable in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However,by using an engineered reporter construct over-expressing L1,another study suggests that reprogramming activates L1 mobility in iPSCs. Given the potential of human iPSCs in therapeutic applications,it is important to clarify whether these cells harbor somatic insertions resulting from endogenous L1 retrotransposition. Here,we verified L1 expression during and after reprogramming as well as potential somatic insertions driven by the most active human endogenous L1 subfamily (L1Hs). Our results indicate that L1 over-expression is initiated during the reprogramming process and is subsequently sustained in isolated clones. To detect potential somatic insertions in iPSCs caused by L1Hs retotransposition,we used a novel sequencing strategy. As opposed to conventional sequencing direction,we sequenced from the 3' end of L1Hs to the genomic DNA,thus enabling the direct detection of the polyA tail signature of retrotransposition for verification of true insertions. Deep coverage sequencing thus allowed us to detect seven potential somatic insertions with low read counts from two iPSC clones. Negative PCR amplification in parental cells,presence of a polyA tail and absence from seven L1 germline insertion databases highly suggested true somatic insertions in iPSCs. Furthermore,these insertions could not be detected in iPSCs by PCR,likely due to low abundance. We conclude that L1Hs retrotransposes at low levels in iPSCs and therefore warrants careful analyses for genotoxic effects. View Publication

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in Parkinson's disease (PD). There is great interest in deriving A9 DA neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for regenerative cell replacement therapy for PD. During neural development,A9 DA neurons originate from the floor plate (FP) precursors located at the ventral midline of the central nervous system. Here,we optimized the culture conditions for the stepwise differentiation of hPSCs to A9 DA neurons,which mimics embryonic DA neuron development. In our protocol,we first describe the efficient generation of FP precursor cells from hPSCs using a small molecule method,and then convert the FP cells to A9 DA neurons,which could be maintained in vitro for several months. This efficient,repeatable and controllable protocol works well in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from normal persons and PD patients,in which one could derive A9 DA neurons to perform in vitro disease modeling and drug screening and in vivo cell transplantation therapy for PD. View Publication

The acquisition of innate immune response is requisite to having bona fide differentiation of airway epithelium. Procedures developed to differentiate lung airway from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have demonstrated anecdotal evidence for innate immune response,but an in-depth exploration of response levels is lacking. Herein,using an established method of airway epithelial generation from hPSCs,we show that hPSC-derived epithelial cells are able to up-regulate expression of TNF$\$,IL8 and IL1$\$ response to challenge with bacterial endotoxin LPS,but lack response from genes associated with innate immune response in other cell types. Further,stimulation of cells with TNF-$\$ in auto-induction of TNF$\$,as well as cytokine responses of IL8 and IL1$\$ The demonstration of innate immune induction in hPSC-derived airway epithelia gives further strength to the functionality of in vitro protocols aimed at generating differentiated airway cells that can potentially be used in a translational setting. Finally,we propose that innate immune challenge of airway epithelium from human pluripotent stem cell sources be used as a robust validation of functional in vitro differentiation. View Publication

We here report that doxycycline,an antibacterial agent,exerts dramatic effects on human embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESC/iPSCs) survival and self-renewal. The survival-promoting effect was also manifest in cultures of neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from hESC/iPSCs. These doxycycline effects are not associated with its antibacterial action,but mediated by direct activation of a PI3K-AKT intracellular signal. These findings indicate doxycycline as a useful supplement for stem cell cultures,facilitating their growth and maintenance. View Publication

BACKGROUND: Epigenetic regulation is critical for the maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells. It has been shown that pluripotent stem cells,such as embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells,appear to have a hypermethylated status compared with differentiated cells. However,the epigenetic differences in genes that maintain stemness and regulate reprogramming between embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells remain unclear. Additionally,differential methylation patterns of induced pluripotent stem cells generated using diverse methods require further study.backslashnbackslashnMETHODOLOGY: Here,we determined the DNA methylation profiles of 10 human cell lines,including 2 ESC lines,4 virally derived iPSC lines,2 episomally derived iPSC lines,and the 2 parental cell lines from which the iPSCs were derived using Illumina's Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. The iPSCs exhibited a hypermethylation status similar to that of ESCs but with distinct differences from the parental cells. Genes with a common methylation pattern between iPSCs and ESCs were classified as critical factors for stemness,whereas differences between iPSCs and ESCs suggested that iPSCs partly retained the parental characteristics and gained de novo methylation aberrances during cellular reprogramming. No significant differences were identified between virally and episomally derived iPSCs. This study determined in detail the de novo differential methylation signatures of particular stem cell lines.backslashnbackslashnCONCLUSIONS: This study describes the DNA methylation profiles of human iPSCs generated using both viral and episomal methods,the corresponding somatic cells,and hESCs. Series of ss-DMRs and ES-iPS-DMRs were defined with high resolution. Knowledge of this type of epigenetic information could be used as a signature for stemness and self-renewal and provides a potential method for selecting optimal pluripotent stem cells for human regenerative medicine. View Publication