技术资料

Patients with dyskeratosis congenita (DC),a disorder of telomere maintenance,suffer degeneration of multiple tissues. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells represent invaluable in vitro models for human degenerative disorders like DC. A cardinal feature of iPS cells is acquisition of indefinite self-renewal capacity,which is accompanied by induction of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT). We investigated whether defects in telomerase function would limit derivation and maintenance of iPS cells from patients with DC. Here we show that reprogrammed DC cells overcome a critical limitation in telomerase RNA component (TERC) levels to restore telomere maintenance and self-renewal. We discovered that TERC upregulation is a feature of the pluripotent state,that several telomerase components are targeted by pluripotency-associated transcription factors,and that in autosomal dominant DC,transcriptional silencing accompanies a 3' deletion at the TERC locus. Our results demonstrate that reprogramming restores telomere elongation in DC cells despite genetic lesions affecting telomerase,and show that strategies to increase TERC expression may be therapeutically beneficial in DC patients. View Publication

The use of human pluripotent stem cells,including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells,in therapeutic applications will require the development of robust,scalable culture technologies for undifferentiated cells. Advances made in large-scale cultures of other mammalian cells will facilitate expansion of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs),but challenges specific to hESCs will also have to be addressed,including development of defined,humanized culture media and substrates,monitoring spontaneous differentiation and heterogeneity in the cultures,and maintaining karyotypic integrity in the cells. This review will describe our current understanding of environmental factors that regulate hESC self-renewal and efforts to provide these cues in various scalable bioreactor culture systems. View Publication

Reprogramming of a limited number of human cell types has been achieved through ectopic expression of four transcription factors to yield induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that closely resemble human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Here,we determined functional and epigenetic properties of iPS cells generated from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by conventional method of direct reprogramming. Retroviral overexpression of four transcription factors resets HUVEC to the pluripotency. Human endothelial cell-derived iPS (endo-iPS) cells were similar to human ESCs in morphology,gene expression,in vitro and in vivo differentiation capacity. Endo-iPS cells were efficiently differentiated in vitro into endothelial cells. Using genome-wide methylation profiling we show that promoter elements of endothelial specific genes were methylated following reprogramming whereas pluripotency-related gene promoters were hypomethylated similar to levels observed in ESCs. Genome-wide methylation analysis of CpG sites located in the functional regions of over than 14,000 genes indicated that human endo-iPS cells were highly similar to human ES cells,although differences in methylation levels of 46 genes were found. Overall CpG methylation of promoter regions in the pluripotent cells was higher than in somatic. We also show that during reprogramming female human endo-iPS cells exhibited reactivation of the somatically silenced X chromosome. Our findings demonstrate that iPS cells can be generated from human endothelial cells and reprogramming resets epigenetic status of endothelial cells to pluripotency. View Publication

This work describes a genetic approach to isolate small,artificial transmembrane (TM) proteins with biological activity. The bovine papillomavirus E5 protein is a dimeric,44-amino acid TM protein that transforms cells by specifically binding and activating the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGFbetaR). We used the E5 protein as a scaffold to construct a retrovirus library expressing approximately 500,000 unique 44-amino acid proteins with randomized TM domains. We screened this library to select small,dimeric TM proteins that were structurally unrelated to erythropoietin (EPO),but specifically activated the human EPO receptor (hEPOR). These proteins did not activate the murine EPOR or the PDGFbetaR. Genetic studies with one of these activators suggested that it interacted with the TM domain of the hEPOR. Furthermore,this TM activator supported erythroid differentiation of primary human hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro in the absence of EPO. Thus,we have changed the specificity of a protein so that it no longer recognizes its natural target but,instead,modulates an entirely different protein. This represents a novel strategy to isolate small artificial proteins that affect diverse membrane proteins. We suggest the word traptamer" for these transmembrane aptamers." View Publication

The umbilical cord and placenta are extra-embryonic tissues of particular interest for regenerative medicine. They share an early developmental origin and are a source of vast amounts of cells with multilineage differentiation potential that are poorly immunogenic and without controversy. Moreover,these cells are likely exempt from incorporated mutations when compared with juvenile or adult donor cells such as skin fibroblasts or keratinocytes. Here we report the efficient generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mesenchymal cells of the umbilical cord matrix (up to 0.4% of the cells became reprogrammed) and the placental amniotic membrane (up to 0.1%) using exogenous factors and a chemical mixture. iPSCs from these 2 tissues homogeneously showed human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-like characteristics including morphology,positive staining for alkaline phosphatase,normal karyotype,and expression of hESC-like markers including Nanog,Rex1,Oct4,TRA-1-60,TRA-1-80,SSEA-3,and SSEA-4. Selected clones also formed embryonic bodies and teratomas containing derivatives of the 3 germ layers,and could as well be readily differentiated into functional motor neurons. Among other things,our cell lines may prove useful for comparisons between iPSCs derived from multiple tissues regarding the extent of the epigenetic reprogramming,differentiation ability,stability of the resulting lineages,and the risk of associated abnormalities. View Publication

The mammalian embryonic zeta-globin genes,including that of humans,are expressed at the early embryonic stage and then switched off during erythroid development. This autonomous silencing of the zeta-globin gene transcription is probably regulated by the cooperative work of various protein-DNA and protein-protein complexes formed at the zeta-globin promoter and its upstream enhancer (HS-40). We present data here indicating that a protein-binding motif,ZF2,contributes to the repression of the HS-40-regulated human zeta-promoter activity in erythroid cell lines and in transgenic mice. Combined site-directed mutagenesis and EMSA suggest that repression of the human zeta-globin promoter is mediated through binding of the zinc finger factor RREB1 to ZF2. This model is further supported by the observation that human zeta-globin gene transcription is elevated in the human erythroid K562 cell line or the primary erythroid culture upon RNA interference (RNAi)(2) knockdown of RREB1 expression. These data together suggest that RREB1 is a putative repressor for the silencing of the mammalian zeta-globin genes during erythroid development. Because zeta-globin is a powerful inhibitor of HbS polymerization,our experiments have provided a foundation for therapeutic up-regulation of zeta-globin gene expression in patients with severe hemoglobinopathies. View Publication

Although adipose tissue is an expandable and readily attainable source of proliferating,multipotent stem cells,its potential for use in regenerative medicine has not been extensively explored. Here we report that adult human and mouse adipose-derived stem cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells with substantially higher efficiencies than those reported for human and mouse fibroblasts. Unexpectedly,both human and mouse iPS cells can be obtained in feeder-free conditions. We discovered that adipose-derived stem cells intrinsically express high levels of pluripotency factors such as basic FGF,TGFbeta,fibronectin,and vitronectin and can serve as feeders for both autologous and heterologous pluripotent cells. These results demonstrate a great potential for adipose-derived cells in regenerative therapeutics and as a model for studying the molecular mechanisms of feeder-free iPS generation and maintenance. View Publication

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have numerous potential biomedical applications owing to their unique abilities for self-renewal and pluripotency. Successful clinical application of hESCs and derivatives necessitates the culture of these cells in a fully defined environment. We have developed a novel peptide-based surface that uses a high-affinity cyclic RGD peptide for culture of hESCs under chemically defined conditions. View Publication

Human embryonic stem (hES) cell production of heparan sulfate influences cell fate and pluripotency. Human ES cells remain pluripotent in vitro through the action of growth factors signaling,and the activity of these factors depends on interaction with specific receptors and also with heparan sulfate. Here,we tested the hypothesis that matrix-associated heparan sulfate is enough to maintain hES cells under low fibroblast growth factor-2 concentration in the absence of live feeder cells. To pursue this goal,we compared hES cells cultured either on coated plates containing live murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or on a matrix derived from ethanol-fixed MEFs. hES cells were analyzed for the expression of pluripotency markers and the ability to form embryoid bodies. hES cells cultured either on live mouse fibroblasts or onto a matrix derived from fixed fibroblasts expressed similar levels of Oct-4,SOX-2,Nanog,TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4,and they were also able to form cavitated embryoid bodies. Heparan sulfate-depleted matrix lost the ability to support the adherence and growth of hES cells,confirming that this glycosaminoglycan,bound to the extracellular matrix,is enough for the growth and attachment of hES cells. Finally,we observed that the ethanol-fixed matrix decreases by 30% the levels of Neu5Gc in hES cells,indicating that this procedure reduces xeno-contamination. Our data suggest that matrix-bound heparan sulfate is required for the growth and pluripotency of hES cells and that ethanol-fixed MEFs may be used as a live cell"-free substrate for stem cells." View Publication

OBJECTIVES: In this study,we hypothesized that an antihuman-CD34 antibody immobilized on the surface of commercially available sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) could enhance re-endothelialization compared with SES alone. BACKGROUND: Previous experience with antihuman-CD34 antibody surface modified Genous stents (GS) (OrbusNeich Medical,Fort Lauderdale,Florida) has shown enhanced stent endothelialization in vivo. METHODS: In the phase 1 study,stents were deployed in 21 pig coronary arteries for single stenting (9 vessels: 3 GS,3 SES,and 3 bare-metal stents) and overlapping stenting with various combinations (12 vessels: 4 GS+GS,4 SES+SES,and 4 GS+SES) and harvested at 14 days for scanning electron and confocal microscopy. In phase 2,immobilized anti-CD34 antibody coating was applied on commercially available SES (SES-anti-CD34,n = 7) and compared with GS (n = 8) and SES (n = 7) and examined at 3 and 14 days by scanning electron/confocal microscopy analysis. RESULTS: In phase 1,single stent implantation showed greatest endothelialization in GS (99%) and in bare-metal stent (99%) compared with SES (55%,p = 0.048). In overlapping stents,endothelialization at the overlapping zone was significantly greater in GS+GS (95 +/- 6%) and GS+SES (79 +/- 5%) compared with the SES+SES (36 +/- 14%) group (p = 0.007). In phase 2,SES-anti-CD34 resulted in increased endothelialization compared with SES alone at 3 days (SES-anti-CD34 36 +/- 26%; SES 7 +/- 3%; and GS 76 +/- 8%; p = 0.01),and 14 days (SES-anti-CD34 82 +/- 8%; SES 53 +/- 20%; and GS 98 +/- 2%; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Immobilization of anti-CD34 antibody on SES enhances endothelialization and may potentially be an effective therapeutic alternative to improve currently available drug-eluting stents. View Publication

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are capable to give rise to all cell types in the human body during the normal course of development. Therefore,these cells hold a great promise in regenerative cell replacement based therapeutical approaches. However,some controversy exists in literature concerning the ultimate fate of hESC after exposure to genotoxic agents,in particular,regarding the effect of DNA damaging insults on pluripotency of hESC. To comprehensively address this issue,we performed an analysis of the expression of marker genes,associated with pluripotent state of hESC,such as Oct-4,Nanog,Sox-2,SSEA-4,TERT,TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 up to 65h after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) using flow cytometry,immunocytochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques. We show that irradiation with relatively low doses of gamma-radiation (0.2Gy and 1Gy) does not lead to loss of expression of the pluripotency-associated markers in the surviving hESC. While changes in the levels of expression of some of the pluripotency markers were observed at different time points after IR exposure,these alterations were not persistent,and,in most cases,the expression of the pluripotency-associated markers remained significantly higher than that observed in fully differentiated human fibroblasts,and in hESCs differentiated into definitive endodermal lineage. Our data suggest that exposure of hESC to relatively low doses of IR as a model genotoxic agent does not significantly affect pluripotency of the surviving fraction of hESC. View Publication

PURPOSE: To evaluate the expression of stem cell-related markers at the cellular level in human breast tumors of different subtypes and histologic stage. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We performed immunohistochemical analyses of 12 proteins [CD44,CD24,ALDH1,vimentin,osteonectin,EPCR,caveolin 1,connexin 43,cytokeratin 18 (CK18),MUC1,claudin 7,and GATA3] selected based on their differential expression in breast cancer cells with more differentiated and stem cell-like characteristics in 47 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) only,135 cases of IDC with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS),35 cases of DCIS with microinvasion,and 58 cases of pure DCIS. We also analyzed 73 IDCs with adjacent DCIS to determine the differences in the expression of markers by histology within individual tumors. CD44+/CD24- and CD24-/CD24+ cells were detected using double immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: CD44 and EPCR expression was different among the four histologic groups and was lower in invasive compared with in situ tumors,especially in luminal A subtype. The expression of vimentin,osteonectin,connexin 43,ALDH1,CK18,GATA3,and MUC1 differed by tumor subtype in some histologic groups. ALDH1-positive cells were more frequent in basal-like and HER2+ than in luminal tumors. CD44+/CD24- cells were detected in 69% of all tumors with 100% of the basal-like and 52% of HER2+ tumors having some of these cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that in breast cancer,the frequency of tumor cells positive for stem cell-like and more differentiated cell markers varies according to tumor subtype and histologic stage. View Publication