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Acute monocytic leukemia (AML-M5),a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML),affects mostly young children and has poor prognosis. The mechanisms of treatment failure of AML-M5 are still unclear. In this study,we generated iPSC from THP-1 cells from a patient with AML-M5,using retroviruses encoding the pluripotency-associated genes (OCT3/4,SOX2,KLF4 and c-MYC). These AML-M5-derived iPSC showed features similar with those of human embryonic stem cells in terms of the morphology,gene expression,protein/antigen expression and differentiation capability. Parental-specific markers were down-regulated in these AML-M5-derived iPSCs. Expression of MLL-AF9 fusion gene (previously identified to be associated with pathogenesis of AML-M5) was observed in all iPSC clones as well as parental cells. We conclude that AML-M5-specific iPSC clones have been successfully developed. This disease model may provide a novel approach for future study of pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention of AML-M5. View Publication

Identifying pairwise RNA-RNA interactions is key to understanding how RNAs fold and interact with other RNAs inside the cell. We present a high-throughput approach,sequencing of psoralen crosslinked,ligated,and selected hybrids (SPLASH),that maps pairwise RNA interactions in vivo with high sensitivity and specificity,genome-wide. Applying SPLASH to human and yeast transcriptomes revealed the diversity and dynamics of thousands of long-range intra- and intermolecular RNA-RNA interactions. Our analysis highlighted key structural features of RNA classes,including the modular organization of mRNAs,its impact on translation and decay,and the enrichment of long-range interactions in noncoding RNAs. Additionally,intermolecular mRNA interactions were organized into network clusters and were remodeled during cellular differentiation. We also identified hundreds of known and new snoRNA-rRNA binding sites,expanding our knowledge of rRNA biogenesis. These results highlight the underexplored complexity of RNA interactomes and pave the way to better understanding how RNA organization impacts biology. View Publication

Abstract Purpose: The application of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigmented epithelium (iPSC-RPE) in patients with retinal degenerative disease is making headway toward the clinic,with clinical trials already underway. Multiple groups have developed methods for RPE differentiation from pluripotent cells,but previous studies have shown variability in iPSC propensity to differentiate into RPE. Methods: This study provides a comparison between 2 different methods for RPE differentiation: (1) a commonly used spontaneous continuously adherent culture (SCAC) protocol and (2) a more rapid,directed differentiation using growth factors. Integration-free iPSC lines were differentiated to RPE,which were characterized with respect to global gene expression,expression of RPE markers,and cellular function. Results: We found that all 5 iPSC lines (iPSC-1,iPSC-2,iPSC-3,iPSC-4,and iPSC-12) generated RPE using the directed differentiation protocol; however,2 of the 5 iPSC lines (iPSC-4 and iPSC-... View Publication

Genome editing on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) together with the development of protocols for organ decellularization opens the door to the generation of autologous bioartificial hearts. Here we sought to generate for the first time a fluorescent reporter human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line by means of Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to efficiently produce cardiomyocyte-like cells (CLCs) from hPSCs and repopulate decellularized human heart ventricles for heart engineering. In our hands,targeting myosin heavy chain locus (MYH6) with mCherry fluorescent reporter by TALEN technology in hESCs did not alter major pluripotent-related features,and allowed for the definition of a robust protocol for CLCs production also from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in 14 days. hPSCs-derived CLCs (hPSCs-CLCs) were next used to recellularize acellular cardiac scaffolds. Electrophysiological responses encountered when hPSCs-CLCs were cultured on ventricular decellularized extracellular matrix (vdECM) correlated with significant increases in the levels of expression of different ion channels determinant for calcium homeostasis and heart contractile function. Overall,the approach described here allows for the rapid generation of human cardiac grafts from hPSCs,in a total of 24 days,providing a suitable platform for cardiac engineering and disease modeling in the human setting. View Publication

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are defined as non-hematopoietic,plastic-adherent,self-renewing cells that are capable of tri-lineage differentiation into bone,cartilage or fat in vitro. Thus,MSCs are promising candidates for cell-based medicine. However,classifications of MSCs have been defined retrospectively; moreover,this conventional criterion may be inaccurate due to contamination with other hematopoietic lineage cells. Human MSCs can be enriched by selection for LNGFR and THY-1,and this population may be analogous to murine PDGFR??+Sca-1+ cells,which are developmentally derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). Murine NCCs were labeled by fluorescence,which provided definitive proof of neural crest lineage,however,technical considerations prevent the use of a similar approach to determine the origin of human LNGFR+THY-1+ MSCs. To further clarify the origin of human MSCs,human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were used in this study. Under culture conditions required for the induction of neural crest cells,human ESCs and iPSCs-derived cells highly expressed LNGFR and THY-1. These LNGFR+THY-1+ neural crest-like cells,designated as LT-NCLCs,showed a strong potential to differentiate into both mesenchymal and neural crest lineages. LT-NCLCs proliferated to form colonies and actively migrated in response to serum concentration. Furthermore,we transplanted LT-NCLCs into chick embryos,and traced their potential for survival,migration and differentiation in the host environment. These results suggest that LNGFR+THY-1+ cells identified following NCLC induction from ESCs/iPSCs shared similar potentials with multipotent MSCs. View Publication

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common human cancers. Spheroid colony formation is an effective model for characterization of cancer stem cells. However,gene expression profiles of spheroid colonies obtained from GC cells have not been examined. We performed microarray analyses by Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array in spheroid body-forming and parental cells from MKN-45 and MKN-74 GC cell lines. Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1) was expressed textgreater2-fold higher in spheroid body-forming cells than in parental cells in both GC lines. Both the number and size of spheres from MKN-45 cells were significantly reduced upon KIFC1 siRNA-transfection compared with negative control siRNA-transfection. Immunohistochemical analysis of 114 GC tissue samples revealed that 42 (37%) of GC cases were positive for KIFC1 expression. GC cases positive for KIFC1 were found more frequently in stage III/IV cases than in stage I/II cases. GC cases positive for KIFC1 were found more frequently in intestinal type GC cases than in diffuse type GC cases. Furthermore,KIFC1-positive GC cases showed high Ki-67 labeling index. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that KIFC1 expression was not associated with survival. We found positive expression of KIFC1 in CD44‑positive GC and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1)-positive GC cells. Our results showed that KIFC1 is overexpressed in GC. Since knockdown of KIFC1 inhibited sphere formation,KIFC1 likely plays an important role in cancer stem cells. View Publication

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs),a heterogeneous group of immune-mediated disorders,are a major and growing health problem. Although AIDs are currently treated primarily with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs,the use of stem cell transplantation in patients with AIDs is becoming increasingly common. However,stem cell transplantation therapy has limitations,including a shortage of available stem cells and immune rejection of cells from nonautologous sources. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology,which allows the generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells,could offer an alternative source for clinical applications of stem cell therapies in AID patients. We used nonintegrating oriP/EBNA-1-based episomal vectors to reprogram dermal fibroblasts from patients with AIDs such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS),Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The pluripotency and multilineage differentiation capacity of each patient-specific iPSC line was validated. The safety of these iPSCs for use in stem cell transplantation is indicated by the fact that all AID-specific iPSCs are integrated transgene free. Finally,all AID-specific iPSCs derived in this study could be differentiated into cells of hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages in vitro as shown by flow cytometric analysis and induction of terminal differentiation potential. Our results demonstrate the successful generation of integration-free iPSCs from patients with AS,SS and SLE. These findings support the possibility of using iPSC technology in autologous and allogeneic cell replacement therapy for various AIDs,including AS,SS and SLE. View Publication

BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse produces an enormous impact on health,society,and the economy. Currently,there are very limited therapies available,largely due to the poor understanding of mechanisms underlying alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in humans. Oxidative damage of mitochondria and cellular proteins aggravates the progression of neuroinflammation and neurological disorders initiated by alcohol abuse. RESULTS Here we show that ethanol exposure causes neuroinflammation in both human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and human neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Ethanol exposure for 24 hours or 7 days does not affect the proliferation of iPS cells and NPCs,but primes an innate immune-like response by activating the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway. This leads to an increase of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3(+) (LC3B(+)) autophagic puncta and impairment of the mitochondrial and lysosomal distribution. In addition,a decrease of mature neurons derived from differentiating NPCs is evident in ethanol pre-exposed compared to control NPCs. Moreover,a second insult of a pro-inflammatory factor in addition to ethanol preexposure enhances innate cellular inflammation in human iPS cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong evidence that neuronal inflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of AUDs through the activation of the inflammasome pathway in human cellular models. View Publication

As multiple sclerosis research progresses,it is pertinent to continue to develop suitable paradigms to allow for ever more sophisticated investigations. Animal models of multiple sclerosis,despite their continuing contributions to the field,may not be the most prudent for every experiment. Indeed,such may be either insufficient to reflect the functional impact of human genetic variations or unsuitable for drug screenings. Thus,we have established a cell- and patient-specific paradigm to provide an in vitro model within which to perform future genetic investigations. Renal proximal tubule epithelial cells were isolated from multiple sclerosis patients' urine and transfected with pluripotency-inducing episomal factors. Subsequent induced pluripotent stem cells were formed into embryoid bodies selective for ectodermal lineage,resulting in neural tube-like rosettes and eventually neural progenitor cells. Differentiation of these precursors into primary neurons was achieved through a regimen of neurotrophic and other factors. These patient-specific primary neurons displayed typical morphology and functionality,also staining positive for mature neuronal markers. The development of such a non-invasive procedure devoid of permanent genetic manipulation during the course of differentiation,in the context of multiple sclerosis,provides an avenue for studies with a greater cell- and human-specific focus,specifically in the context of genetic contributions to neurodegeneration and drug discovery. View Publication

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reported many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with psychiatric disorders,but knowledge is lacking regarding molecular mechanisms. Here we show that risk alleles spanning multiple genes across the 10q24.32 schizophrenia-related locus are associated in the human brain selectively with an increase in the expression of both BLOC-1 related complex subunit 7 (BORCS7) and a previously uncharacterized,human-specific arsenite methyltransferase (AS3MT) isoform (AS3MT(d2d3)),which lacks arsenite methyltransferase activity and is more abundant in individuals with schizophrenia than in controls. Conditional-expression analysis suggests that BORCS7 and AS3MT(d2d3) signals are largely independent. GWAS risk SNPs across this region are linked with a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the first exon of AS3MT that is associated with the expression of AS3MT(d2d3) in samples from both Caucasians and African Americans. The VNTR genotype predicts promoter activity in luciferase assays,as well as DNA methylation within the AS3MT gene. Both AS3MT(d2d3) and BORCS7 are expressed in adult human neurons and astrocytes,and they are upregulated during human stem cell differentiation toward neuronal fates. Our results provide a molecular explanation for the prominent 10q24.32 locus association,including a novel and evolutionarily recent protein that is involved in early brain development and confers risk for psychiatric illness. View Publication

Pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocyte-like cells (hPSC-HLCs) are an attractive alternative to primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) used in applications ranging from therapeutics to drug safety testing studies. It would be critical to improve and maintain mature hepatocyte functions of the hPSC-HLCs,especially for long-term studies. If 3D culture systems were to be used for such purposes,it would be important that the system can support formation and maintenance of optimal-sized spheroids for long periods of time,and can also be directly deployed in liver drug testing assays. We report the use of 3-dimensional (3D) cellulosic scaffold system for the culture of hPSC-HLCs. The scaffold has a macroporous network which helps to control the formation and maintenance of the spheroids for weeks. Our results show that culturing hPSC-HLCs in 3D cellulosic scaffolds increases functionality,as demonstrated by improved urea production and hepatic marker expression. In addition,hPSC-HLCs in the scaffolds exhibit a more mature phenotype,as shown by enhanced cytochrome P450 activity and induction. This enables the system to show a higher sensitivity to hepatotoxicants and a higher degree of similarity to PHHs when compared to conventional 2D systems. These results suggest that 3D cellulosic scaffolds are ideal for the long-term cultures needed to mature hPSC-HLCs. The mature hPSC-HLCs with improved cellular function can be continually maintained in the scaffolds and directly used for hepatotoxicity assays,making this system highly attractive for drug testing applications. View Publication

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor that increases the expression of detoxifying enzymes upon ligand stimulation. Recent studies now suggest that novel endogenous roles of the AHR exist throughout development. In an effort to create an optimized model system for the study of AHR signaling in several cellular lineages,we have employed a CRISPR/CAS9 genome editing strategy in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to incorporate a reporter cassette at the transcription start site of one of its canonical targets,cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1). This cell line faithfully reports on CYP1A1 expression,with luciferase levels as its functional readout,when treated with an endogenous AHR ligand (FICZ) at escalating doses. iPSC-derived fibroblast-like cells respond to acute exposure to environmental and endogenous AHR ligands,and iPSC-derived hepatocytes increase CYP1A1 in a similar manner to primary hepatocytes. This cell line is an important innovation that can be used to map AHR activity in discrete cellular subsets throughout developmental ontogeny. As further endogenous ligands are proposed,this line can be used to screen for safety and efficacy and can report on the ability of small molecules to regulate critical cellular processes by modulating the activity of the AHR. View Publication