技术资料

This report describes the establishment directly from normal preimplantation mouse embryos of a cell line that forms teratocarcinomas when injected into mice. The pluripotency of these embryonic stem cells was demonstrated conclusively by the observation that subclonal cultures,derived from isolated single cells,can differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. Such embryonic stem cells were isolated from inner cell masses of late blastocysts cultured in medium conditioned by an established teratocarcinoma stem cell line. This suggests that such conditioned medium might contain a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation or inhibits the differentiation of normal pluripotent embryonic cells,or both. This method of obtaining embryonic stem cells makes feasible the isolation of pluripotent cells lines from various types of noninbred embryo,including those carrying mutant genes. The availability of such cell lines should made possible new approaches to the study of early mammalian development. View Publication

Under appropriate conditions in culture,embryonic stem cells will differentiate and form embryoid bodies that have been shown to contain cells of the hematopoietic,endothelial,muscle and neuronal lineages. Many aspects of the lineage-specific differentiation programs observed within the embryoid bodies reflect those found in the embryo,indicating that this model system provides access to early cell populations that develop in a normal fashion. Recent studies involving the differentiation of genetically altered embryonic stem cells highlight the potential of this in vitro differentiation system for defining the function of genes in early development. View Publication

About half of the human genome consists of highly repetitive elements,most of which are considered dispensable for human life. Here,we report that repetitive elements originating from endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are systematically transcribed during human early embryogenesis in a stage-specific manner. Our analysis highlights that the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of ERVs provide the template for stage-specific transcription initiation,thereby generating hundreds of co-expressed,ERV-derived RNAs. Conversion of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to an epiblast-like state activates blastocyst-specific ERV elements,indicating that their activity dynamically reacts to changes in regulatory networks. In addition to initiating stage-specific transcription,many ERV families contain preserved splice sites that join the ERV segment with non-ERV exons in their genomic vicinity. In summary,we find that ERV expression is a hallmark of cellular identity and cell potency that characterizes the cell populations in early human embryos. View Publication

A simple,scalable,and reproducible technology that allows direct formation of large numbers of homogeneous and synchronized embryoid bodies (EBs) of defined sizes from dissociated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) was developed. Non-cell-adhesive hydrogels were used to create round-bottom microwells to host dissociated hiPSCs. No Rho-associated kinase inhibitor (ROCK-i),or centrifugation was needed and the side effects of ROCK-i can be avoided. The key requirement for the successful EB formation in addition to the non-cell-adhesive round-bottom microwells is the input cell density per microwell. Too few or too many cells loaded into the microwells will compromise the EB formation process. In parallel,we have tested our microwell-based system for homogeneous hEB formation from dissociated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Successful production of homogeneous hEBs from dissociated hESCs in the absence of ROCK-i and centrifugation was achieved within an optimal range of input cell density per microwell. Both the hiPSC- and hESC-derived hEBs expressed key proteins characteristic of all the three developmental germ layers,confirming their EB identity. This novel EB production technology may represent a versatile platform for the production of homogeneous EBs from dissociated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). View Publication

In this study,we have identified a novel member of the AMPK family,namely Sucrose non-fermenting related kinase (Snrk),that is responsible for maintaining cardiac metabolism in mammals. SNRK is expressed in the heart,and brain,and in cell types such as endothelial cells,smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes (CMs). Snrk knockout (KO) mice display enlarged hearts,and die at postnatal day 0. Microarray analysis of embryonic day 17.5 Snrk hearts,and blood profile of neonates display defect in lipid metabolic pathways. SNRK knockdown CMs showed altered phospho-acetyl-coA carboxylase and phospho-AMPK levels similar to global and endothelial conditional KO mouse. Finally,adult cardiac conditional KO mouse displays severe cardiac functional defects and lethality. Our results suggest that Snrk is essential for maintaining cardiac metabolic homeostasis,and shows an autonomous role for SNRK during mammalian development. View Publication

Rho-kinase (ROCK) has been well documented to play a key role in RhoA-induced actin remodeling. ROCK activation results in myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation either by direct action on MLC kinase (MLCK) or by inhibition of MLC phosphatase (MLCP),modulating actin-myosin contraction. We found that inhibition of the ROCK pathway in induced pluripotent stem cells,leads to nuclear export of HDAC7 and transcriptional activation of the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 while in cells with constitutive ROCK hyperactivity due to loss of function of the RhoGTPase activating protein Oligophrenin-1 (OPHN1),the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 is downregulated. Our study identify a new target of ROCK signaling via myosin phosphatase subunit (MYPT1) and Histone Deacetylase (HDAC7) at the nuclear level and provide new insights in the cellular functions of ROCK. View Publication

Alcohol consumption has long been associated with a majority of liver diseases and has been found to influence both fetal and adult liver functions. In spite of being one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world,currently,there are no effective strategies that can prevent or treat alcoholic liver disease (ALD),due to a lack of human-relevant research models. Recent success in generation of functionally active mature hepatocyte-like cells from human-induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) enables us to better understand the effects of alcohol on liver functions. Here,we describe the method and effect of alcohol exposure on multistage hepatic cell types derived from human iPSCs,in an attempt to recapitulate the early stages of liver tissue injury associated with ALD. We exposed different stages of iPSC-induced hepatic cells to ethanol at a pathophysiological concentration. In addition to stage-specific molecular markers,we measured several key cellular parameters of hepatocyte injury,including apoptosis,proliferation,and lipid accumulation. View Publication

Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) have many potential therapeutic applications including therapies for cancers and tissue damages caused by cancers or radical cancer treatments. However,tissue-derived MSCs such as bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) may promote cancer progression and have considerable donor variations and limited expandability. These issues hinder the potential applications of MSCs,especially those in cancer patients. To circumvent these issues,we derived MSCs from transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) efficiently with a modified protocol that eliminated the need of flow cytometric sorting. Our iPSC-derived MSCs were readily expandable,but still underwent senescence after prolonged culture and did not form teratomas. These iPSC-derived MSCs homed to cancers with efficiencies similar to BM-MSCs but were much less prone than BM-MSCs to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition,invasion,stemness,and growth of cancer cells. The observations were probably explained by the much lower expression of receptors for interleukin-1 and TGFβ,downstream protumor factors,and hyaluronan and its cofactor TSG6,which all contribute to the protumor effects of BM-MSCs. The data suggest that iPSC-derived MSCs prepared with the modified protocol are a safer and better alternative to BM-MSCs for therapeutic applications in cancer patients. The protocol is scalable and can be used to prepare the large number of cells required for off-the-shelf" therapies and bioengineering applications." View Publication

Cohesin is implicated in establishing and maintaining pluripotency. Whether this is because of essential cohesin functions in the cell cycle or in gene regulation is unknown. Here we tested cohesin's contribution to reprogramming in systems that reactivate the expression of pluripotency genes in the absence of proliferation (embryonic stem [ES] cell heterokaryons) or DNA replication (nuclear transfer). Contrary to expectations,cohesin depletion enhanced the ability of ES cells to initiate somatic cell reprogramming in heterokaryons. This was explained by increased c-Myc (Myc) expression in cohesin-depleted ES cells,which promoted DNA replication-dependent reprogramming of somatic fusion partners. In contrast,cohesin-depleted somatic cells were poorly reprogrammed in heterokaryons,due in part to defective DNA replication. Pluripotency gene induction was rescued by Myc,which restored DNA replication,and by nuclear transfer,where reprogramming does not require DNA replication. These results redefine cohesin's role in pluripotency and reveal a novel function for Myc in promoting the replication-dependent reprogramming of somatic nuclei. View Publication

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can differentiate to cardiomyocytes in vitro,offering unique opportunities to investigate cardiac development and disease as well as providing a platform to perform drug and toxicity tests. Initial cardiac differentiation methods were based on either inductive co-culture or aggregation as embryoid bodies,often in the presence of fetal calf serum. More recently,monolayer differentiation protocols have evolved as feasible alternatives and are often performed in completely defined culture medium and substrates. Thus,our ability to efficiently and reproducibly generate cardiomyocytes from multiple different hESC and hiPSC lines has improved significantly.We have developed a directed differentiation monolayer protocol that can be used to generate cultures comprising ˜50% cardiomyocytes,in which both the culture of the undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and the differentiation procedure itself are defined and serum-free. The differentiation method is also effective for hPSCs maintained in other culture systems. In this chapter,we outline the differentiation protocol and describe methods to assess cardiac differentiation efficiency as well as to identify and quantify the yield of cardiomyocytes. View Publication

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are important tools for drug discovery assays and toxicology screens. In this manuscript,we design high efficiency TALEN and ZFN to target two safe harbor sites on chromosome 13 and 19 in a widely available and well-characterized integration-free iPSC line. We show that these sites can be targeted in multiple iPSC lines to generate reporter systems while retaining pluripotent characteristics. We extend this concept to making lineage reporters using a C-terminal targeting strategy to endogenous genes that express in a lineage-specific fashion. Furthermore,we demonstrate that we can develop a master cell line strategy and then use a Cre-recombinase induced cassette exchange strategy to rapidly exchange reporter cassettes to develop new reporter lines in the same isogenic background at high efficiency. Equally important we show that this recombination strategy allows targeting at progenitor cell stages,further increasing the utility of the platform system. The results in concert provide a novel platform for rapidly developing custom single or dual reporter systems for screening assays. View Publication

Current protocols for human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) expansion require feeder cells or matrices from animal sources that have been the major obstacle to obtain clinical grade hPSCs due to safety issues,difficulty in quality control,and high expense. Thus,feeder-free,chemically defined synthetic platforms have been developed,but are mostly confined to typical polystyrene culture plates. Here,we report a chemically defined,material-independent,bio-inspired surface coating allowing for feeder-free expansion and maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency of hPSCs on various polymer substrates and devices. Polydopamine (pDA)-mediated immobilization of vitronectin (VN) peptides results in surface functionalization of VN-dimer/pDA conjugates. The engineered surfaces facilitate adhesion,proliferation,and colony formation of hPSCs via enhanced focal adhesion,cell-cell interaction,and biophysical signals,providing a chemically defined,xeno-free culture system for clonal expansion and long-term maintenance of hPSCs. This surface engineering enables the application of clinically-relevant hPSCs to a variety of biomedical systems such as tissue-engineering scaffolds and medical devices. View Publication