搜索结果: 'methocult media formulations for mouse hematopoietic cells serum containing'

Introduction: Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) provide an invaluable model for assessing the effects of environmental chemicals and drugs on human prenatal development. However,hESC are difficult to adapt to 96-well plate screening assays,because they survive best when plated as colonies,which are difficult to count and plate accurately. The purpose of this study is to present an experimental method and analysis procedure to accomplish reliable screening of toxicants using hESC. Methods: We present a method developed to rapidly and easily determine the number of cells in small colonies of hESC spectrophotometerically and then accurately dispense equivalent numbers of cells in 96-well plates. The MTT assay was used to evaluate plating accuracy,and the method was tested using known toxicants. Results: The quality of the plate set-up and analysis procedure was evaluated with NIH plate validation and assessment software. All statistical parameters measured by the software were acceptable,and no drift or edge effects were observed. The 96-well plate MTT assay with hESC was tested by performing a dose-response screen of commercial products,which contain a variety of chemicals. The screen was done using single wells/dose,and the reliability of this method was demonstrated in a subsequent screen of the same products repeated three times. The single and triple screens were in good agreement,and NOAELs and IC50s could be determined from the single screen. The effects of vapor from volatile chemicals were studied,and methods to monitor and avoid vapor effects were incorporated into the assay. Discussion: Our method overcomes the difficulty of using hESC for reliable quantitative 96-well plate assays. It enables rapid dose-response screening using equipment that is commonly available in laboratories that culture hESC. This method could have a broad application in studies of environmental chemicals and drugs using hESC as models of prenatal development. ?? 2012 Elsevier Inc. View Publication

Myocardial infarction is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide,and current treatments fail to address the underlying scarring and cell loss,which is a major cause of heart failure after infarction. The novel strategy,therapeutic angiogenesis and/or vasculogenesis with endothelial progenitor cells transplantation holds great promise to increase blood flow in ischemic areas,thus rebuild the injured heart and reverse the heart failure. Given the potential of self-renewal and differentiation into virtually all cell types,human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may provide an alternate source of therapeutic cells by allowing the derivation of large numbers of endothelial cells for therapeutic angiogenesis and/or vasculogenesis of ischemic heart diseases. Moreover,to fully understand the fate of implanted hESCs or hESC derivatives,investigators need to monitor the motility of cells in living animals over time. In this chapter,we describe the application of bioluminescence reporter gene imaging to track the transplanted hESC-derived endothelial cells for treatment of myocardial infarction. The technology of inducing endothelial cells from hESCs will also be discussed. View Publication

Reduced-intensity conditioning regimens for transplant recipients have heightened awareness of immunologic resistance to allogeneic bone marrow transplants (BMT). Although T cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been assumed to play a role in the resistance against donor allogeneic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell grafts,several studies have reported relatively unimpaired resistance by recipients who lack perforin,Fas ligand (FasL),and other cytotoxic mediators. This study compared the early kinetics of T cell-mediated resistance in B6 (H2b) cytotoxically normal versus deficient recipients after transplantation with major histocompatibility complex-matched,minor histocompatibility antigen (MiHA)-mismatched allogeneic marrow grafts. Wild-type B6 or cytotoxic double-deficient perforin-/-/ gld+/+ (B6-cdd) mice were sensitized against major histocompatibility complex-matched BALB.B or C3H.SW (H2b) MiHA and transplanted with a high dose (1 ?? 107) of T cell-depleted bone marrow. CD8 T memory cells were shown to be present in recipients before BMT,and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody infusion abolished resistance,thus demonstrating that CD8 T cells are the host effector population. Donor-committed and high proliferative potential progenitor numbers were markedly diminished by 48 hours after transplantation in both wild-type B6 and B6-cdd anti-donor MiHA-sensitized recipients. These observations indicate that the resistance pathway used in the cytotoxic deficient mice was both potent and rapidly induced - consistent with a CD8 memory T-cell response. To examine the role of Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)- and TL1A-mediated cytotoxicity in this strong resistance,newly generated monoclonal antibodies specific for these ligands were administered to B6-cdd recipients sensitized to donor antigens. Recipients of syngeneic B6-gfp bone marrow exhibited significant donor colony-forming unit numbers after BMT. In contrast,low or absent colony-forming unit levels were detected in allogeneic recipients,including those that lacked perforin and FasL and that received anti-TWEAK,anti-tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand,and anti-TL1A monoclonal antibodies. These findings extend previous observations by demonstrating the existence of a rapidly effected resistance pathway mediated by memory CD8 effector T cells independent of the 2 major pathways of cytotoxicity. Together with previous findings,these results support the notion that effector cells derived from memory CD8 T-cell populations can mediate strong resistance against donor allogeneic MiHA-disparate hematopoietic engraftment by using a mechanism that is independent of the contribution of perforin,FasL,and the known death ligand receptor pathways. ?? 2005 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. View Publication

RATIONALE: Molecular imaging has proven to be a vital tool in the characterization of stem cell behavior in vivo. However,the integration of reporter genes has typically relied on random integration,a method that is associated with unwanted insertional mutagenesis and positional effects on transgene expression.backslashnbackslashnOBJECTIVE: To address this barrier,we used genome editing with zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology to integrate reporter genes into a safe harbor gene locus (PPP1R12C,also known as AAVS1) in the genome of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells for molecular imaging.backslashnbackslashnMETHODS AND RESULTS: We used ZFN technology to integrate a construct containing monomeric red fluorescent protein,firefly luciferase,and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase reporter genes driven by a constitutive ubiquitin promoter into a safe harbor locus for fluorescence imaging,bioluminescence imaging,and positron emission tomography imaging,respectively. High efficiency of ZFN-mediated targeted integration was achieved in both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. ZFN-edited cells maintained both pluripotency and long-term reporter gene expression. Functionally,we successfully tracked the survival of ZFN-edited human embryonic stem cells and their differentiated cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells in murine models,demonstrating the use of ZFN-edited cells for preclinical studies in regenerative medicine.backslashnbackslashnCONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates a novel application of ZFN technology to the targeted genetic engineering of human pluripotent stem cells and their progeny for molecular imaging in vitro and in vivo. View Publication

Haploinsufficiency for ribosomal protein genes has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) and the 5q-syndrome,a subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome. The p53 pathway is activated by ribosome dysfunction,but the molecular basis for selective impairment of the erythroid lineage in disorders of ribosome function has not been determined. We found that p53 accumulates selectively in the erythroid lineage in primary human hematopoietic progenitor cells after expression of shRNAs targeting RPS14,the ribosomal protein gene deleted in the 5q-syndrome,or RPS19,the most commonly mutated gene in DBA. Induction of p53 led to lineage-specific accumulation of p21 and consequent cell cycle arrest in erythroid progenitor cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of p53 rescued the erythroid defect,whereas nutlin-3,a compound that activates p53 through inhibition of HDM2,selectively impaired erythropoiesis. In bone marrow biopsies from patients with DBA or del(5q) myelodysplastic syndrome,we found an accumulation of nuclear p53 staining in erythroid progenitor cells that was not present in control samples. Our findings indicate that the erythroid lineage has a low threshold for the induction of p53,providing a basis for the failure of erythropoiesis in the 5q-syndrome,DBA,and perhaps other bone marrow failure syndromes. View Publication

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the main isotype of antibody in human blood. IgG consists of four subclasses (IgG1 to IgG4),encoded by separate constant region genes within the Ig heavy chain locus (IGH). Here,we report a genome-wide association study on blood IgG subclass levels. Across 4334 adults and 4571 individuals under 18 years,we discover ten new and identify four known variants at five loci influencing IgG subclass levels. These variants also affect the risk of asthma,autoimmune diseases,and blood traits. Seven variants map to the IGH locus,three to the Fcγ receptor (FCGR) locus,and two to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region,affecting the levels of all IgG subclasses. The most significant associations are observed between the G1m (f),G2m(n) and G3m(b*) allotypes,and IgG1,IgG2 and IgG3,respectively. Additionally,we describe selective associations with IgG4 at 16p11.2 (ITGAX) and 17q21.1 (IKZF3,ZPBP2,GSDMB,ORMDL3). Interestingly,the latter coincides with a highly pleiotropic signal where the allele associated with lower IgG4 levels protects against childhood asthma but predisposes to inflammatory bowel disease. Our results provide insight into the regulation of antibody-mediated immunity that can potentially be useful in the development of antibody based therapeutics. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the main isotype of antibody in human blood. Here the authors describe 14 genetic variants that affect IgG levels in blood. The data provide new insight into the regulation of humoral immunity that could be useful in the development of antibody-based therapeutics. View Publication

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be used as powerful tools for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. However,isolating tissue specific-derived MSCs may cause pain and increased infection rates in patients,and repetitive isolations may be required. To overcome these difficulties,we have examined alternative methods for MSC production. Here,we show that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be differentiated into mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) following exposure to SB431542. Purified iMSCs were administered to mdx mice to study skeletal muscle regeneration in a murine model of muscular dystrophy. Purified iMSCs displayed fibroblast-like morphology,formed three-dimensional spheroid structures,and expressed characteristic mesenchymal stem cell surface markers such as CD29,CD33,CD73,CD90,and CD105. Moreover,iMSCs were capable of differentiating into adipogenic,osteogenic,and chondrogenic lineages. Transplanting iMSC cells to tibialis anterior skeletal muscle tissue in mdx mice lowered oxidative damage as evidenced by a reduction in nitrotyrosine levels,and normal dystrophin expression levels were restored. This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of purified iMSCs in skeletal muscle regeneration in mdx mice,and suggests that iPSCs are a viable alternate source for deriving MSCs as needed. textcopyright 2014 Elsevier Inc. View Publication

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are commonly used as feeder cells for the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However,medical applications of cell derivatives of hiPSCs generated with a MEF feeder system run the risk of having xeno-factor contamination due to long-term cell culturing under an animal factor-containing environment. We developed a new method for the derivation of human fibroblast-like cells (FLCs) from a previously established hiPSC line in an FLC differentiation medium. The method was based on direct differentiation of hiPSCs seeded on Matrigel followed by expansion of differentiating cells on gelatin. Using inactivated FLCs as feeder layers,primary human foreskin fibroblasts were successfully reprogrammed into a state of pluripotency by Oct4,Sox2 Klf4,and c-Myc (OSKM) transcription factor genes,with a reprogramming efficiency under an optimized condition superior to that obtained on MEF feeder layers. Furthermore,the FLCs were more effective in supporting the growth of human pluripotent stem cells. The pluripotency and differentiation capability of the cells cultured on FLC feeder layers were well retained. Our results suggest that FLCs are a safe alternative to MEFs for hiPSC generation and expansion,especially in the clinical settings wherein hiPSC derivatives will be used for medical treatment. View Publication

Direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts to a pluripotent state has been achieved through ectopic expression of the transcription factors OCT4,SOX2,and either cMYC and KLF4 or NANOG and LIN28. Little is known,however,about the mechanisms by which reprogramming occurs,which is in part limited by the low efficiency of conversion. To this end,we sought to create a doxycycline-inducible lentiviral system to convert primary human fibroblasts and keratinocytes into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). hiPSCs generated with this system were molecularly and functionally similar to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs),demonstrated by gene expression profiles,DNA methylation status,and differentiation potential. While expression of the viral transgenes was required for several weeks in fibroblasts,we found that 10 days was sufficient for the reprogramming of keratinocytes. Using our inducible system,we developed a strategy to induce hiPSC formation at high frequency. Upon addition of doxycycline to hiPSC-derived differentiated cells,we obtained secondary" hiPSCs at a frequency at least 100-fold greater than the initial conversion. The ability to reprogram cells at high efficiency provides a unique platform to dissect the underlying molecular and biochemical processes that accompany nuclear reprogramming." View Publication

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs),unlike mouse ones (mESCs),are vulnerable to apoptosis upon dissociation. Here,we show that the apoptosis,which is of a nonanoikis type,is caused by ROCK-dependent hyperactivation of actomyosin and efficiently suppressed by the myosin inhibitor Blebbistatin. The actomyosin hyperactivation is triggered by the loss of E-cadherin-dependent intercellular contact and also observed in dissociated mouse epiblast-derived pluripotent cells but not in mESCs. We reveal that Abr,a unique Rho-GEF family factor containing a functional Rac-GAP domain,is an indispensable upstream regulator of the apoptosis and ROCK/myosin hyperactivation. Rho activation coupled with Rac inhibition is induced in hESCs upon dissociation,but not in Abr-depleted hESCs or mESCs. Furthermore,artificial Rho or ROCK activation with Rac inhibition restores the vulnerability of Abr-depleted hESCs to dissociation-induced apoptosis. Thus,the Abr-dependent Rho-high/Rac-low" state plays a decisive role in initiating the dissociation-induced actomyosin hyperactivation and apoptosis in hESCs." View Publication

Pluripotent stem cells can be genetically labeled to facilitate differentiation studies. In this paper,we describe a gene-targeting protocol to knock in a GFP cassette into key gene loci in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs),and then use the genetically tagged hPSCs to guide in vitro differentiation,immunocytochemical and electrophysiological profiling and in vivo characterization after cell transplantation. The Olig transcription factors have key roles in the transcription regulatory pathways for the genesis of motor neurons (MNs) and oligodendrocytes (OLs). We have generated OLIG2-GFP hPSC reporter lines that reliably mark MNs and OLs for monitoring their sequential differentiation from hPSCs. The expression of the GFP reporter recapitulates the endogenous expression of OLIG genes. The in vitro characterization of fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified cells is consistent with cells of the MN or OL lineages,depending on the stages at which they are collected. This protocol is efficient and reliable and usually takes 5-7 months to complete. The genetic tagging-differentiation methodology used herein provides a general framework for similar work for differentiation of hPSCs into other lineages. View Publication