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Acute erythroid leukemia (AEL) is a high-risk leukemia of poorly understood genetic basis,with controversy regarding diagnosis in the spectrum of myelodysplasia and myeloid leukemia. We compared genomic features of 159 childhood and adult AEL cases with non-AEL myeloid disorders and defined five age-related subgroups with distinct transcriptional profiles: adult,TP53 mutated; NPM1 mutated; KMT2A mutated/rearranged; adult,DDX41 mutated; and pediatric,NUP98 rearranged. Genomic features influenced outcome,with NPM1 mutations and HOXB9 overexpression being associated with a favorable prognosis and TP53,FLT3 or RB1 alterations associated with poor survival. Targetable signaling mutations were present in 45{\%} of cases and included recurrent mutations of ALK and NTRK1,the latter of which drives erythroid leukemogenesis sensitive to TRK inhibition. This genomic landscape of AEL provides the framework for accurate diagnosis and risk stratification of this disease,and the rationale for testing targeted therapies in this high-risk leukemia. View Publication

Development of targeted cancer therapy requires a thorough understanding of mechanisms of tumorigenesis as well as mechanisms of action of therapeutics. This is challenging because by the time patients are diagnosed with cancer,early events of tumorigenesis have already taken place. Similarly,development of cancer immunotherapies is hampered by a lack of appropriate small animal models with autologous human tumor and immune system. In this article,we report the development of a mouse model of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with autologous immune system for studying early events of human leukemogenesis and testing the efficacy of immunotherapeutics. To develop such a model,human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) are transduced with lentiviruses expressing a mutated form of nucleophosmin (NPM1),referred to as NPM1c. Following engraftment into immunodeficient mice,transduced HSPCs give rise to human myeloid leukemia,whereas untransduced HSPCs give rise to human immune cells in the same mice. The de novo AML,with CD123+ leukemic stem or initiating cells (LSC),resembles NPM1c+ AML from patients. Transcriptional analysis of LSC and leukemic cells confirms similarity of the de novo leukemia generated in mice with patient leukemia and suggests Myc as a co-operating factor in NPM1c-driven leukemogenesis. We show that a bispecific conjugate that binds both CD3 and CD123 eliminates CD123+ LSCs in a T cell-dependent manner both in vivo and in vitro. These results demonstrate the utility of the NPM1c+ AML model with an autologous immune system for studying early events of human leukemogenesis and for evaluating efficacy and mechanism of immunotherapeutics. View Publication

Myeloid leukemia in Down syndrome (ML-DS) clonally evolves from transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM),a preleukemic condition in DS newborns. To define mechanisms of leukemic transformation,we combined exome and targeted resequencing of 111 TAM and 141 ML-DS samples with functional analyses. TAM requires trisomy 21 and truncating mutations in GATA1; additional TAM variants are usually not pathogenic. By contrast,in ML-DS,clonal and subclonal variants are functionally required. We identified a recurrent and oncogenic hotspot gain-of-function mutation in myeloid cytokine receptor CSF2RB. By a multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 screen in an in vivo murine TAM model,we tested loss-of-function of 22 recurrently mutated ML-DS genes. Loss of 18 different genes produced leukemias that phenotypically,genetically,and transcriptionally mirrored ML-DS. View Publication

TET enzymes are dioxygenases that promote DNA demethylation by oxidizing the methyl group of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Here,we report a close correspondence between 5hmC-marked regions,chromatin accessibility and enhancer activity in B cells,and a strong enrichment for consensus binding motifs for basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors at TET-responsive genomic regions. Functionally,Tet2 and Tet3 regulate class switch recombination (CSR) in murine B cells by enhancing expression of Aicda,which encodes the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) enzyme essential for CSR. TET enzymes deposit 5hmC,facilitate DNA demethylation,and maintain chromatin accessibility at two TET-responsive enhancer elements,TetE1 and TetE2,located within a superenhancer in the Aicda locus. Our data identify the bZIP transcription factor,ATF-like (BATF) as a key transcription factor involved in TET-dependent Aicda expression. 5hmC is not deposited at TetE1 in activated Batf-deficient B cells,indicating that BATF facilitates TET recruitment to this Aicda enhancer. Our study emphasizes the importance of TET enzymes for bolstering AID expression and highlights 5hmC as an epigenetic mark that captures enhancer dynamics during cell activation. View Publication

Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) exaggerates inflammation and tissue injury in sepsis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are released by activated neutrophils during sepsis. NETs contribute to pathogen clearance,but excessive NET formation (NETosis) causes inflammation and tissue damage. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is associated with NETosis by increasing histone citrullination and chromatin decondensation. We hypothesized that CIRP induces NETosis in the lungs during sepsis via upregulating PAD4 expression. Sepsis was induced in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and CIRP-/- mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). After 20 h of CLP induction,NETs in the lungs of WT and CIRP-/- mice were quantified by flow cytometry by staining the single cell suspensions with MPO and CitH3 Abs. PAD4 expression in the lungs of WT and CIRP-/- mice after sepsis was assessed by Western blotting. In vitro effects of recombinant mouse (rm) CIRP for NETosis and PAD4 expression in the bone marrow-derived neutrophils (BMDN) were assessed by flow cytometry and Western blotting,respectively. After 20 h of CLP,NETosis in the lungs was significantly decreased in CIRP-/- mice compared to WT mice,which also correlated with the decreased PAD4 expression. Intratracheal administration of rmCIRP into WT mice significantly increased NETosis and PAD4 expression in the lungs compared to vehicle-injected mice. In vitro culture of BMDN with rmCIRP significantly increased NETosis and PAD4 expression compared to PBS-treated control. Fluorescence microscopy revealed typical web-like structures consistent with NETs in rmCIRP-treated BMDN. Thus,CIRP serves as a novel inducer of NETosis via PAD4 during sepsis. View Publication

The subset of regulatory T (Treg) cells,with its specific transcription Foxp3,is a unique cell type for the maintenance of immune homeostasis by controlling effector T (Teff) cell responses. Although it is common that a defect in Treg cells with Treg/Teff disorder causes autoimmune diseases; however,the precise mechanisms are not thoroughly revealed. Here,we report that miR-34a could attenuate human and murine Foxp3 gene expression via targeting their 3' untranslated regions (3' UTR). The human miR-34a,increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4+ T cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients,displayed a positive correlation with some serum markers of inflammation including rheumatoid factor (RF),anti-streptolysin antibody (ASO),erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as Th17 signature gene RORgammat,but inversely correlated with the mRNA expression levels of FOXP3. In addition,murine miR-34a levels were downregulated in TGF-beta-induced Treg cells but upregulated in Th17 cells induced in vitro compared to activated CD4+ T cells. It has also been demonstrated that elevated miR-34a disrupting Treg/Th17 balance in vivo contributed to the progress of pathogenesis of collagen induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Furthermore,IL-6 and TNF-alpha were responsible for the upregulation of miR-34a and downregulation of Foxp3,which was reverted by the addition of NF-kappaB/p65 inhibitor BAY11-7082,thus indicating that NF-kappaB/p65 inhibited Foxp3 expression in an miR-34a-dependent manner. Finally,IL-6 or TNF-alpha-activated p65 could bind to the miR-34a promotor and enhance its activity,resulting in upregulation of its transcription. Taken together,we show that NF-kappaB activated by inflammatory cytokines,such as IL-6 and TNF-alpha,ameliorates Foxp3 levels via regulating miR-34a expression,which provides a new mechanistic and therapeutic insight into the ongoing of autoimmune diseases. View Publication

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) causes chronic inflammation of joints. The cytokines TNFalpha and IFNgamma are central players in RA,however their source has not been fully elucidated. Natural Killer (NK) cells are best known for their role in elimination of viral-infected and transformed cells,and they secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. NK cells are present in the synovial fluids (SFs) of RA patients and are considered to be important in bone destruction. However,the phenotype and function of NK cells in the SFs of patients with erosive deformative RA (DRA) versus non-deformative RA (NDRA) is poorly characterized. Here we characterize the NK cell populations present in the blood and SFs of DRA and NDRA patients. We demonstrate that a distinct population of activated synovial fluid NK (sfNK) cells constitutes a large proportion of immune cells found in the SFs of DRA patients. We discovered that although sfNK cells in both DRA and NDRA patients have similar phenotypes,they function differently. The DRA sfNK secrete more TNFalpha and IFNgamma upon exposure to IL-2 and IL-15. Consequently,we suggest that sfNK cells may be a marker for more severely destructive RA disease. View Publication

Our previous studies showed that anti-β2M monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at high doses have direct apoptotic effects on myeloma cells,suggesting that anti-β2M mAbs might be developed as a novel therapeutic agent. In this study,we investigated the ability of the mAbs at much lower concentrations to indirectly kill myeloma cells by utilizing immune effector cells or molecules. Our results showed that anti-β2M mAbs effectively lysed MM cells via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC),which were correlated with and dependent on the surface expression of β2M on MM cells. The presence of MM bone marrow stromal cells or addition of IL-6 did not attenuate anti-β2M mAb-induced ADCC and CDC activities against MM cells. Furthermore,anti-β2M mAbs only showed limited cytotoxicity toward normal B cells and nontumorous mesenchymal stem cells,indicating that the ADCC and CDC activities of the anti-β2M mAbs were more prone to the tumor cells. Lenalidomide potentiated in vitro ADCC activity against MM cells and in vivo tumor inhibition capacity induced by the anti-β2M mAbs by enhancing the activity of NK cells. These results support clinical development of anti-β2M mAbs,both as a monotherapy and in combination with lenalidomide,to improve MM patient outcome. View Publication

Memory B cells (MBCs) are long-lived sources of rapid,isotype-switched secondary antibody-forming cell (AFC) responses. Whether MBCs homogeneously retain the ability to self-renew and terminally differentiate or if these functions are compartmentalized into MBC subsets has remained unclear. It has been suggested that antibody isotype controls MBC differentiation upon restimulation. Here we demonstrate that subcategorizing MBCs on the basis of their expression of CD80 and PD-L2,independently of isotype,identified MBC subsets with distinct functions upon rechallenge. CD80(+)PD-L2(+) MBCs differentiated rapidly into AFCs but did not generate germinal centers (GCs); conversely,CD80(-)PD-L2(-) MBCs generated few early AFCs but robustly seeded GCs. The gene-expression patterns of the subsets supported both the identity and function of these distinct MBC types. Hence,the differentiation and regeneration of MBCs are compartmentalized. View Publication

The recruitment of monocytes and their differentiation into macrophages at sites of inflammation are key events in determining the outcome of the inflammatory response and initiating the return to tissue homeostasis. To study monocyte trafficking and macrophage differentiation in vivo,we have generated a novel transgenic reporter mouse expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the human CD68 promoter. CD68-GFP mice express high levels of GFP in both monocyte and embryo-derived tissue resident macrophages in adult animals. The human CD68 promoter drives GFP expression in all CD115(+) monocytes of adult blood,spleen,and bone marrow; we took advantage of this to directly compare the trafficking of bone marrow-derived CD68-GFP monocytes to that of CX3CR1(GFP) monocytes in vivo using a sterile zymosan peritonitis model. Unlike CX3CR1(GFP) monocytes,which downregulate GFP expression on differentiation into macrophages in this model,CD68-GFP monocytes retain high-level GFP expression for 72 hours after differentiation into macrophages,allowing continued cell tracking during resolution of inflammation. In summary,this novel CD68-GFP transgenic reporter mouse line represents a powerful resource for analyzing monocyte mobilization and monocyte trafficking as well as studying the fate of recruited monocytes in models of acute and chronic inflammation. View Publication

Drug abuse is a major comorbidity of HIV infection and cognitive disorders are often more severe in the drug abusing HIV infected population. CD14+CD16+ monocytes,a mature subpopulation of peripheral blood monocytes,are key mediators of HIV neuropathogenesis. Infected CD14+CD16+ monocyte transmigration across the blood brain barrier mediates HIV entry into the brain and establishes a viral reservoir within the CNS. Despite successful antiretroviral therapy,continued influx of CD14+CD16+ monocytes,both infected and uninfected,contributes to chronic neuroinflammation and the development of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Drug abuse increases extracellular dopamine in the CNS. Once in the brain,CD14+CD16+ monocytes can be exposed to extracellular dopamine due to drug abuse. The direct effects of dopamine on CD14+CD16+ monocytes and their contribution to HIV neuropathogenesis are not known. In this study,we showed that CD14+CD16+ monocytes express mRNA for all five dopamine receptors by qRT-PCR and D1R,D5R and D4R surface protein by flow cytometry. Dopamine and the D1-like dopamine receptor agonist,SKF38393,increased CD14+CD16+ monocyte migration that was characterized as chemokinesis. To determine whether dopamine affected cell motility and adhesion,live cell imaging was used to monitor the accumulation of CD14+CD16+ monocytes on the surface of a tissue culture dish. Dopamine increased the number and the rate at which CD14+CD16+ monocytes in suspension settled to the dish surface. In a spreading assay,dopamine increased the area of CD14+CD16+ monocytes during the early stages of cell adhesion. In addition,adhesion assays showed that the overall total number of adherent CD14+CD16+ monocytes increased in the presence of dopamine. These data suggest that elevated extracellular dopamine in the CNS of HIV infected drug abusers contributes to HIV neuropathogenesis by increasing the accumulation of CD14+CD16+ monocytes in dopamine rich brain regions. View Publication

In view of recent reports documenting pervasive translation outside of canonical protein-coding sequences,we wished to determine the proportion of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-associated peptides (MAPs) derived from non-canonical reading frames. Here we perform proteogenomic analyses of MAPs eluted from human B cells using high-throughput mass spectrometry to probe the six-frame translation of the B-cell transcriptome. We report that ∼ 10% of MAPs originate from allegedly noncoding genomic sequences or exonic out-of-frame translation. The biogenesis and properties of these 'cryptic MAPs' differ from those of conventional MAPs. Cryptic MAPs come from very short proteins with atypical C termini,and are coded by transcripts bearing long 3'UTRs enriched in destabilizing elements. Relative to conventional MAPs,cryptic MAPs display different MHC class I-binding preferences and harbour more genomic polymorphisms,some of which are immunogenic. Cryptic MAPs increase the complexity of the MAP repertoire and enhance the scope of CD8 T-cell immunosurveillance. View Publication