搜索结果: 'methocult media formulations for mouse hematopoietic cells serum containing'

Aurora kinases play an important role in chromosome alignment,segregation,and cytokinesis during mitosis. We have recently shown that hematopoietic malignant cells including those from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) aberrantly expressed Aurora A and B kinases,and ZM447439,a potent inhibitor of Aurora kinases,effectively induced growth arrest and apoptosis of a variety of leukemia cells. The present study explored the effect of AZD1152,a highly selective inhibitor of Aurora B kinase,on various types of human leukemia cells. AZD1152 inhibited the proliferation of AML lines (HL-60,NB4,MOLM13),ALL line (PALL-2),biphenotypic leukemia (MV4-11),acute eosinophilic leukemia (EOL-1),and the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells with an IC50 ranging from 3 nM to 40 nM,as measured by thymidine uptake on day 2 of culture. These cells had 4N/8N DNA content followed by apoptosis,as measured by cell-cycle analysis and annexin V staining,respectively. Of note,AZD1152 synergistically enhanced the antiproliferative activity of vincristine,a tubulin depolymerizing agent,and daunorubicin,a topoisomerase II inhibitor,against the MOLM13 and PALL-2 cells in vitro. Furthermore,AZD1152 potentiated the action of vincristine and daunorubicin in a MOLM13 murine xenograft model. Taken together,AZD1152 is a promising new agent for treatment of individuals with leukemia. The combined administration of AZD1152 and conventional chemotherapeutic agent to patients with leukemia warrants further investigation. View Publication

Germ line mutations in the Adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene cause a hereditary form of intestinal tumorigenesis in both mice and man. Here we show that in Apc(Min/+) mice,which carry a heterozygous germ line mutation at codon 850 of Apc,there is progressive loss of immature and mature thymocytes from approximately 80 days of age with complete regression of the thymus by 120 days. In addition,Apc(Min/+) mice show parallel depletion of splenic natural killer (NK) cells,immature B cells,and B progenitor cells in bone marrow due to complete loss of interleukin 7 (IL-7)-dependent B-cell progenitors. Using bone marrow transplantation experiments into wild-type recipients,we have shown that the capacity of transplanted Apc(Min/+) bone marrow cells for T- and B-cell development appears normal. In contrast,although the Apc(Min/+) bone marrow microenvironment supported short-term reconstitution with wild-type bone marrow,Apc(Min/+) animals that received transplants subsequently underwent lymphodepletion. Fibroblast colony-forming unit (CFU-F) colony assays revealed a significant reduction in colony-forming mesenchymal progenitor cells in the bone marrow of Apc(Min/+) mice compared with wild-type animals prior to the onset of lymphodepletion. This suggests that an altered bone marrow microenvironment may account for the selective lymphocyte depletion observed in this model of familial adenomatous polyposis. View Publication

After DNA replication,sister chromatids must be untangled,or decatenated,before mitosis so that chromatids do not tear during anaphase. Topoisomerase IIalpha (Topo IIalpha) is the major decatenating enzyme. Topo IIalpha inhibitors prevent decatenation,causing cells to arrest during mitosis. Here we report that acute myeloid leukemia cells fail to arrest at the mitotic decatenation checkpoint,and their progression through this checkpoint is regulated by the DNA repair component Metnase (also termed SETMAR). Metnase contains a SET histone methylase and transposase nuclease domain,and is a component of the nonhomologous end-joining DNA double-strand break repair pathway. Metnase interacts with Topo IIalpha and enhances its decatenation activity. Here we show that multiple types of acute leukemia cells have an attenuated mitotic arrest when decatenation is inhibited and that in an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line this is mediated by Metnase. Of further importance,Metnase permits continued proliferation of these AML cells even in the presence of the clinical Topo IIalpha inhibitor VP-16. In vitro,purified Metnase prevents VP-16 inhibition of Topo IIalpha decatenation of tangled DNA. Thus,Metnase expression levels may predict AML resistance to Topo IIalpha inhibitors,and Metnase is a potential therapeutic target for small molecule interference. View Publication

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Emerging evidence suggests that highly treatment-resistant tumour-initiating cells (TICs) play a central role in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is considered to be a novel anticancer agent; however,recent studies have shown that many pancreatic cancer cells are resistant to apoptosis induction by TRAIL due to TRAIL-activated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signalling. Several chemopreventive agents are able to inhibit NF-kappaB,and favourable results have been obtained--for example,for the broccoli compound sulforaphane-in preventing metastasis in clinical studies. The aim of the study was to identify TICs in pancreatic carcinoma for analysis of resistance mechanisms and for definition of sensitising agents. METHODS: TICs were defined by expression patterns of a CD44(+)/CD24(-),CD44(+)/CD24(+) or CD44(+)/CD133(+) phenotype and correlation to growth in immunodeficient mice,differentiation grade,clonogenic growth,sphere formation,aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and therapy resistance. RESULTS: Mechanistically,specific binding of transcriptionally active cRel-containing NF-kappaB complexes in TICs was observed. Sulforaphane prevented NF-kappaB binding,downregulated apoptosis inhibitors and induced apoptosis,together with prevention of clonogenicity. Gemcitabine,the chemopreventive agents resveratrol and wogonin,and the death ligand TRAIL were less effective. In a xenograft model,sulforaphane strongly blocked tumour growth and angiogenesis,while combination with TRAIL had an additive effect without obvious cytotoxicity in normal cells. Freshly isolated patient tumour cells expressing markers for TICs could be sensitised by sulforaphane for TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION: The data provide new insights into resistance mechanisms of TICs and suggest the combination of sulforaphane with TRAIL as a promising strategy for targeting of pancreatic TICs. View Publication

Genes that are strongly repressed after B-cell activation are candidates for being inactivated,mutated,or repressed in B-cell malignancies. Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4),a gene down-regulated in activated murine B cells,is expressed at low levels in several types of human B-cell lineage lymphomas and leukemias. The human KLF4 gene has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene in colon and gastric cancer; in concordance with this,overexpression of KLF4 can suppress proliferation in several epithelial cell types. Here we investigate the effects of KLF4 on pro/pre-B-cell transformation by v-Abl and BCR-ABL,oncogenes that cause leukemia in mice and humans. We show that overexpression of KLF4 induces arrest and apoptosis in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. KLF4-mediated death,but not cell-cycle arrest,can be rescued by Bcl-XL overexpression. Transformed pro/pre-B cells expressing KLF4 display increased expression of p21CIP and decreased expression of c-Myc and cyclin D2. Tetracycline-inducible expression of KLF4 in B-cell progenitors of transgenic mice blocks transformation by BCR-ABL and depletes leukemic pre-B cells in vivo. Collectively,our work identifies KLF4 as a putative tumor suppressor in B-cell malignancies. View Publication

Effector T cells and fibroblasts are major components in the tumor microenvironment. The means through which these cellular interactions affect chemoresistance is unclear. Here,we show that fibroblasts diminish nuclear accumulation of platinum in ovarian cancer cells,resulting in resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. We demonstrate that glutathione and cysteine released by fibroblasts contribute to this resistance. CD8(+) T cells abolish the resistance by altering glutathione and cystine metabolism in fibroblasts. CD8(+) T-cell-derived interferon (IFN)γ controls fibroblast glutathione and cysteine through upregulation of gamma-glutamyltransferases and transcriptional repression of system xc(-) cystine and glutamate antiporter via the JAK/STAT1 pathway. The presence of stromal fibroblasts and CD8(+) T cells is negatively and positively associated with ovarian cancer patient survival,respectively. Thus,our work uncovers a mode of action for effector T cells: they abrogate stromal-mediated chemoresistance. Capitalizing upon the interplay between chemotherapy and immunotherapy holds high potential for cancer treatment. View Publication

TEL2/ETV7 is highly homologous to the ETS transcription factor TEL/ETV6,a frequent target of chromosome translocation in human leukemia. Although both proteins are transcriptional inhibitors binding similar DNA recognition sequences,they have opposite biologic effects: TEL inhibits proliferation while TEL2 promotes it. In addition,forced expression of TEL2 but not TEL blocks vitamin D3-induced differentiation of U937 and HL60 myeloid cells. TEL2 is expressed in the hematopoietic system,and its expression is up-regulated in bone marrow samples of some patients with leukemia,suggesting a role in oncogenesis. Recently we also showed that TEL2 cooperates with Myc in B lymphomagenesis in mice. Here we show that forced expression of TEL2 alone in mouse bone marrow causes a myeloproliferative disease with a long latency period but with high penetrance. This suggested that secondary mutations are necessary for disease development. Treating mice receiving transplants with TEL2-expressing bone marrow with the chemical carcinogen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) resulted in significantly accelerated disease onset. Although the mice developed a GFP-positive myeloid disease with 30% of the mice showing elevated white blood counts,they all died of T-cell lymphoma,which was GFP negative. Together our data identify TEL2 as a bona fide oncogene,but leukemic transformation is dependent on secondary mutations. View Publication

Brain tumors can arise following deregulation of signaling pathways normally activated during brain development and may derive from neural stem cells. Given the requirement for Hedgehog in non-neoplastic stem cells,we investigated whether Hedgehog blockade could target the stem-like population in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We found that Gli1,a key Hedgehog pathway target,was highly expressed in 5 of 19 primary GBM and in 4 of 7 GBM cell lines. Shh ligand was expressed in some primary tumors,and in GBM-derived neurospheres,suggesting a potential mechanism for pathway activation. Hedgehog pathway blockade by cyclopamine caused a 40%-60% reduction in growth of adherent glioma lines highly expressing Gli1 but not in those lacking evidence of pathway activity. When GBM-derived neurospheres were treated with cyclopamine and then dissociated and seeded in media lacking the inhibitor,no new neurospheres formed,suggesting that the clonogenic cancer stem cells had been depleted. Consistent with this hypothesis,the stem-like fraction in gliomas marked by both aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and Hoechst dye excretion (side population) was significantly reduced or eliminated by cyclopamine. In contrast,we found that radiation treatment of our GBM neurospheres increased the percentage of these stem-like cells,suggesting that this standard therapy preferentially targets better-differentiated neoplastic cells. Most importantly,viable GBM cells injected intracranially following Hedgehog blockade were no longer able to form tumors in athymic mice,indicating that a cancer stem cell population critical for ongoing growth had been removed. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article. View Publication

Our previous studies showed that anti-β2M monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at high doses have direct apoptotic effects on myeloma cells,suggesting that anti-β2M mAbs might be developed as a novel therapeutic agent. In this study,we investigated the ability of the mAbs at much lower concentrations to indirectly kill myeloma cells by utilizing immune effector cells or molecules. Our results showed that anti-β2M mAbs effectively lysed MM cells via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC),which were correlated with and dependent on the surface expression of β2M on MM cells. The presence of MM bone marrow stromal cells or addition of IL-6 did not attenuate anti-β2M mAb-induced ADCC and CDC activities against MM cells. Furthermore,anti-β2M mAbs only showed limited cytotoxicity toward normal B cells and nontumorous mesenchymal stem cells,indicating that the ADCC and CDC activities of the anti-β2M mAbs were more prone to the tumor cells. Lenalidomide potentiated in vitro ADCC activity against MM cells and in vivo tumor inhibition capacity induced by the anti-β2M mAbs by enhancing the activity of NK cells. These results support clinical development of anti-β2M mAbs,both as a monotherapy and in combination with lenalidomide,to improve MM patient outcome. View Publication

PURPOSE: The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in breast cancer has profound implications for cancer prevention. In this study,we evaluated sulforaphane,a natural compound derived from broccoli/broccoli sprouts,for its efficacy to inhibit breast CSCs and its potential mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Aldefluor assay and mammosphere formation assay were used to evaluate the effect of sulforaphane on breast CSCs in vitro. A nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient xenograft model was used to determine whether sulforaphane could target breast CSCs in vivo,as assessed by Aldefluor assay,and tumor growth upon cell reimplantation in secondary mice. The potential mechanism was investigated using Western blotting analysis and beta-catenin reporter assay. RESULTS: Sulforaphane (1-5 micromol/L) decreased aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive cell population by 65% to 80% in human breast cancer cells (P textless 0.01) and reduced the size and number of primary mammospheres by 8- to 125-fold and 45% to 75% (P textless 0.01),respectively. Daily injection with 50 mg/kg sulforaphane for 2 weeks reduced aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive cells by textgreater50% in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient xenograft tumors (P = 0.003). Sulforaphane eliminated breast CSCs in vivo,thereby abrogating tumor growth after the reimplantation of primary tumor cells into the secondary mice (P textless 0.01). Western blotting analysis and beta-catenin reporter assay showed that sulforaphane downregulated the Wnt/beta-catenin self-renewal pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Sulforaphane inhibits breast CSCs and downregulates the Wnt/beta-catenin self-renewal pathway. These findings support the use of sulforaphane for the chemoprevention of breast cancer stem cells and warrant further clinical evaluation. View Publication

Mammalian cells generally require both mitogens and anchorage signals in order to proliferate. An important characteristic of many tumour cells is that they have lost this anchorage-dependent cell-cycle checkpoint,allowing them to proliferate without signals provided by their normal microenvironment. In the absence of anchorage signals from the extracellular matrix,many cell types arrest cell-cycle progression in G1 phase as a result of Rb-dependent checkpoints. However,despite inactivation of p53 and Rb proteins,SV40LT-expressing cells retain anchorage dependency,suggesting the presence of an uncharacterised cell-cycle checkpoint,which can be overridden by coexpression of oncogenic Ras. We report here that,although cyclin-CDK complexes persisted in suspension,proliferation was inhibited in LT-expressing cells by the CDK inhibitor p27(Kip1) (p27). Interestingly,this did not induce a stable arrest,but aberrant cell-cycle progression associated with stalled DNA replication,rereplication and chromosomal instability,which was sufficient to increase the frequency of oncogenic transformation. These results firstly indicate loss of anchorage in Rb- and p53-deficient cells as a novel mechanism for promotion of genomic instability; secondly suggest that anchorage checkpoints that protect normal cells from inappropriate proliferation act deleteriously in Rb- and p53-deficient cells to promote tumourigenesis; and thirdly indicate caution in the use of CDK inhibitors for cancer treatment. View Publication