搜索结果: 'methocult media formulations for mouse hematopoietic cells serum containing'

Skeletal dysplasias (SDs) are caused by abnormal chondrogenesis during cartilage growth plate differentiation. To study early stages of aberrant cartilage formation in vitro,we generated the first induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts of an SD patient with a lethal form of metatropic dysplasia,caused by a dominant mutation (I604M) in the calcium channel gene TRPV4. When micromasses were grown in chondrogenic differentiation conditions and compared with control iPSCs,mutant TRPV4-iPSCs showed significantly (Ptextless0.05) decreased expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of COL2A1 (IIA and IIB forms),SOX9,Aggrecan,COL10A1,and RUNX2,all of which are cartilage growth plate markers. We found that stimulation with BMP2,but not TGF$\$1,up-regulated COL2A1 (IIA and IIB) and SOX9 gene expression,only in control iPSCs. COL2A1 (Collagen II) expression data were confirmed at the protein level by western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. TRPV4-iPSCs showed only focal areas of Alcian blue stain for proteoglycans,while in control iPSCs the stain was seen throughout the micromass sample. Similar staining patterns were found in neonatal cartilage from control and patient samples. We also found that COL1A1 (Collagen I),a marker of osteogenic differentiation,was significantly (Ptextless0.05) up-regulated at the mRNA level in TRPV4-iPSCs when compared with the control,and confirmed at the protein level. Collagen I expression in the TRPV4 model also may correlate with abnormal staining patterns seen in patient tissues. This study demonstrates that an iPSC model can recapitulate normal chondrogenesis and that mutant TRPV4-iPSCs reflect molecular evidence of aberrant chondrogenic developmental processes,which could be used to design therapeutic approaches for disorders of cartilage. View Publication

Many protocols have been designed to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into neurons. Despite the relevance of electrophysiological properties for proper neuronal function,little is known about the evolution over time of important neuronal electrophysiological parameters in iPSC-derived neurons. Yet,understanding the development of basic electrophysiological characteristics of iPSC-derived neurons is critical for evaluating their usefulness in basic and translational research. Therefore,we analyzed the basic electrophysiological parameters of forebrain neurons differentiated from human iPSCs,from day 31 to day 55 after the initiation of neuronal differentiation. We assayed the developmental progression of various properties,including resting membrane potential,action potential,sodium and potassium channel currents,somatic calcium transients and synaptic activity. During the maturation of iPSC-derived neurons,the resting membrane potential became more negative,the expression of voltage-gated sodium channels increased,the membrane became capable of generating action potentials following adequate depolarization and,at day 48-55,50% of the cells were capable of firing action potentials in response to a prolonged depolarizing current step,of which 30% produced multiple action potentials. The percentage of cells exhibiting miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents increased over time with a significant increase in their frequency and amplitude. These changes were associated with an increase of Ca2+ transient frequency. Co-culturing iPSC-derived neurons with mouse glial cells enhanced the development of electrophysiological parameters as compared to pure iPSC-derived neuronal cultures. This study demonstrates the importance of properly evaluating the electrophysiological status of the newly generated neurons when using stem cell technology,as electrophysiological properties of iPSC-derived neurons mature over time. View Publication

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by chronic recurrent episodes of depression and mania. Despite evidence for high heritability of BD,little is known about its underlying pathophysiology. To develop new tools for investigating the molecular and cellular basis of BD,we applied a family-based paradigm to derive and characterize a set of 12 induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from a quartet consisting of two BD-affected brothers and their two unaffected parents. Initially,no significant phenotypic differences were observed between iPSCs derived from the different family members. However,upon directed neural differentiation,we observed that CXCR4 (CXC chemokine receptor-4) expressing central nervous system (CNS) neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from both BD patients compared with their unaffected parents exhibited multiple phenotypic differences at the level of neurogenesis and expression of genes critical for neuroplasticity,including WNT pathway components and ion channel subunits. Treatment of the CXCR4(+) NPCs with a pharmacological inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3,a known regulator of WNT signaling,was found to rescue a progenitor proliferation deficit in the BD patient NPCs. Taken together,these studies provide new cellular tools for dissecting the pathophysiology of BD and evidence for dysregulation of key pathways involved in neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity. Future generation of additional iPSCs following a family-based paradigm for modeling complex neuropsychiatric disorders in conjunction with in-depth phenotyping holds promise for providing insights into the pathophysiological substrates of BD and is likely to inform the development of targeted therapeutics for its treatment and ideally prevention. View Publication

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are predicted to be an unlimited source of hepatocytes which can pave the way for applications such as cell replacement therapies or as a model of human development or even to predict the hepatotoxicity of drug compounds. We have optimized a 23-d differentiation protocol to generate hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from hESCs,obtaining a relatively pure population which expresses the major hepatic markers and is functional and mature. The stability of the HLCs in terms of hepato-specific marker expression and functionality was found to be intact even after an extended period of in vitro culture and cryopreservation. The hESC-derived HLCs have shown the capability to display sensitivity and an alteration in the level of CYP enzyme upon drug induction. This illustrates the potential of such assays in predicting the hepatotoxicity of a drug compound leading to advancement of pharmacology View Publication

Subtype-specific human cardiomyocytes (CMs) are valuable for basic and applied research. Induction of cardiomyogenesis and enrichment of nodal-like CMs was described for mouse pluripotent stem cells (mPSCs) in response to 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (EBIO),a chemical modulator of small-/intermediate-conductance Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels (SKs 1-4). Investigating EBIO in human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs),we have applied three independent differentiation protocols of low to high cardiomyogenic efficiency. Equivalent to mPSCs,timed EBIO supplementation during hPSC differentiation resulted in dose-dependent enrichment of up to 80% CMs,including an increase in nodal- and atrial-like phenotypes. However,our study revealed extensive EBIO-triggered cell loss favoring cardiac progenitor preservation and,subsequently,CMs with shortened action potentials. Proliferative cells were generally more sensitive to EBIO,presumably via an SK-independent mechanism. Together,EBIO did not promote cardiogenic differentiation of PSCs,opposing previous findings,but triggered lineage-selective survival at a cardiac progenitor stage,which we propose as a pharmacological strategy to modulate CM subtype composition. View Publication

Because ex vivo rapamycin generates murine Th2 cells that prevent Graft-versus-host disease more potently than control Th2 cells,we hypothesized that rapamycin would generate Th2/Tc2 cells (Th2/Tc2.R cells) that abrogate fully MHC-disparate hemopoietic stem cell rejection more effectively than control Th2/Tc2 cells. In a B6-into-BALB/c graft rejection model,donor Th2/Tc2.R cells were indeed enriched in their capacity to prevent rejection; importantly,highly purified CD4+ Th2.R cells were also highly efficacious for preventing rejection. Rapamycin-generated Th2/Tc2 cells were less likely to die after adoptive transfer,accumulated in vivo at advanced proliferative cycles,and were present in 10-fold higher numbers than control Th2/Tc2 cells. Th2.R cells had a multifaceted,apoptosis-resistant phenotype,including: 1) reduced apoptosis after staurosporine addition,serum starvation,or CD3/CD28 costimulation; 2) reduced activation of caspases 3 and 9; and 3) increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL expression and reduced proapoptotic Bim and Bid expression. Using host-versus-graft reactivity as an immune correlate of graft rejection,we found that the in vivo efficacy of Th2/Tc2.R cells 1) did not require Th2/Tc2.R cell expression of IL-4,IL-10,perforin,or Fas ligand; 2) could not be reversed by IL-2,IL-7,or IL-15 posttransplant therapy; and 3) was intact after therapy with Th2.R cells relatively devoid of Foxp3 expression. We conclude that ex vivo rapamycin generates Th2 cells that are resistant to apoptosis,persist in vivo,and effectively prevent rejection by a mechanism that may be distinct from previously described graft-facilitating T cells. View Publication

Embryonic stem cells can be induced in vitro,by coculture with the stromal line RP.0.10 and a mixture of interleukins 3,6,and 7,to differentiate into T (Joro75+) and B (B-220+) lymphocyte progenitors and other (Thy-1+,PgP-1+,c-kit+,Joro75-,B-220-,F4/80-,Mac-1-) hemopoietic precursors. The progeny of in vitro-induced embryonic stem cells can reconstitute the lymphoid compartments of T- and B-lymphocyte-deficient scid mice and generate mature T and B lymphocytes in sublethally irradiated normal mice. Exogenous cytokines can dramatically alter the developmental fate of embryonic stem cells in culture. The in vitro system described here should facilitate the study of molecular events leading to cell-lineage commitment and to the formation of hemopoietic stem cells and their immediate lymphoid progeny. View Publication

Fibroblasts from patients with Type I bipolar disorder (BPD) and their unaffected siblings were obtained from an Old Order Amish pedigree with a high incidence of BPD and reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Established iPSCs were subsequently differentiated into neuroprogenitors (NPs) and then to neurons. Transcriptomic microarray analysis was conducted on RNA samples from iPSCs,NPs and neurons matured in culture for either 2 weeks (termed early neurons,E) or 4 weeks (termed late neurons,L). Global RNA profiling indicated that BPD and control iPSCs differentiated into NPs and neurons at a similar rate,enabling studies of differentially expressed genes in neurons from controls and BPD cases. Significant disease-associated differences in gene expression were observed only in L neurons. Specifically,328 genes were differentially expressed between BPD and control L neurons including GAD1,glutamate decarboxylase 1 (2.5 fold) and SCN4B,the voltage gated type IV sodium channel beta subunit (-14.6 fold). Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the up-regulation of GAD1 in BPD compared to control L neurons. Gene Ontology,GeneGo and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of differentially regulated genes in L neurons suggest that alterations in RNA biosynthesis and metabolism,protein trafficking as well as receptor signaling pathways may play an important role in the pathophysiology of BPD. View Publication

Ionizing radiation (IR) is a known mutagen that is widely employed for medical diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. To study the extent of genetic variations in DNA caused by IR,we used IR-sensitive human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Four hESC cell lines,H1,H7,H9,and H14,were subjected to IR at 0.2 or 1 Gy dose and then maintained in culture for four days before being harvested for DNA isolation. Irradiation with 1 Gy dose resulted in significant cell death,ranging from 60% to 90% reduction in cell population. Since IR is often implicated as a risk for inducing cancer,a primer pool targeting genomic hotspot" regions that are frequently mutated in human cancer genes was used to generate libraries from irradiated and control samples. Using a semiconductor-based next-generation sequencing approach� View Publication

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) tend to lose genomic integrity during long periods of culture in vitro and to acquire a cancer-like phenotype. In this study,we aim at understanding the contribution of point mutations to the adaptation process and at providing a mechanistic explanation for their accumulation. We observed that,due to the absence of p21/Waf1/Cip1,cultured hESCs lack proper cell cycle checkpoints and are vulnerable to the kind of DNA damage usually repaired by the highly versatile nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. In response to UV-induced DNA damage,the majority of hESCs succumb to apoptosis; however,a subpopulation continues to proliferate,carrying damaged DNA and accumulating point mutations with a typical UV-induced signature. The UV-resistant cells retain their proliferative capacity and potential for pluripotent differentiation and are markedly less apoptotic to subsequent UV exposure. These findings demonstrate that,due to deficient DNA damage response,the modest NER activity in hESCs is insufficient to prevent increased mutagenesis. This provides for the appearance of genetically aberrant hESCs,paving the way for further major genetic changes. View Publication

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vectors transduce rhesus blood cells poorly due to a species-specific block by TRIM5alpha and APOBEC3G,which target HIV-1 capsid and viral infectivity factor (Vif),respectively. We sought to develop a lentiviral vector capable of transducing both human and rhesus blood cells by combining components of both HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV),including SIV capsid (sCA) and SIV Vif. A chimeric HIV-1 vector including sCA (chiHIV) was superior to the conventional SIV in transducing a human blood cell line and superior to the conventional HIV-1 vector in transducing a rhesus blood cell line. Among human CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs),the chiHIV and HIV-1 vectors showed similar transduction efficiencies; in rhesus CD34(+) HSCs,the chiHIV vector yielded superior transduction rates. In in vivo competitive repopulation experiments with two rhesus macaques,the chiHIV vector demonstrated superior marking levels over the conventional HIV-1 vector in all blood lineages (first rhesus,15 to 30% versus 1 to 5%; second rhesus,7 to 15% versus 0.5 to 2%,respectively) 3 to 7 months postinfusion. In summary,we have developed an HIV-1-based lentiviral vector system that should allow comprehensive preclinical testing of HIV-1-based therapeutic vectors in the rhesus macaque model with eventual clinical application. View Publication