参考文献

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays important roles in inflammation. Several studies have shown that IL-6 regulates various aspects of T cell function,including the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into the pro-inflammatory Th17 subset. Given the tight link between T cell metabolism and function,and the role of IL-6 in regulating cellular metabolism across tissues,we investigated the role of IL-6 signaling in Th17 cell metabolism. Using T cell specific IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) conditional knockout mice and littermate controls,we found that IL-6R signaling regulates the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and drives CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th17 cells. We also found that IL-6R signaling is required for Th17 cell glycolytic metabolism. In T cell-specific IL-6R knockout mice,Th17 cells had reduced glucose uptake and glycolysis,as well as decreased expression of key glycolytic enzymes,while showing increased basal oxygen consumption. However,we also found that IL-6R signaling enhanced oxidative capacity and mitochondrial coupling efficiency in Th17 T cells. Importantly,inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase using FX11 selectively impaired Th17 cell differentiation with minimal effects on Treg cells. These findings suggest that targeting metabolic pathways regulated by IL-6R signaling can selectively inhibit inflammatory Th17 responses,offering a potential strategy for controlling IL-6 mediated inflammation. View Publication

Multiplex gene-edited chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies face significant challenges,including potential oncogenic risks associated with double-strand DNA breaks. Targeted microRNAs (miRNAs) may provide a safer,functional,and tunable alternative for gene silencing without the need for DNA editing. As a proof of concept for multiplex gene silencing,we employed an optimized miRNA backbone and gene architecture to silence T-cell receptor (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) in mesothelin-directed CAR (M5CAR) T cells. The efficacy of this approach was compared to CD3ζ and β2-microglobulin (β2M) CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) cells. miRNA-expressing cassettes were incorporated into M5CAR lentiviral vectors,enabling combined gene silencing and CAR expression. Antitumor activity was evaluated using in vitro assays and in vivo pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma models. Silenced (S) M5CAR T cells retained antitumor functionality comparable to,and in some cases exceeding,that of KO cells. In vivo,S M5CAR T cells achieved tumor control with higher persistence and superior metastasis prevention. In vitro assays demonstrated enhanced resistance to alloreactive natural killer (NK) cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Titratable multiplex gene silencing via targeted miRNAs offers an alternative to gene editing for CAR T cells,with potential advantages in potency,persistence,metastasis prevention,and immune evasion for allogeneic products. This strategy may overcome tumor-induced immunosuppression while avoiding the risks associated with DNA double-strand breaks. View Publication

IntroductionAmid the persistent threat of future pandemics,the continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 exposed critical challenges for vaccine efficacy and therapeutic interventions,highlighting the need for rapid and adaptable approaches to respond to immune escape variants.MethodsHere,we report the use of immortalized B cell libraries from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tonsil tissues to uncover B cell clones exhibiting cross-reactive neutralization against various SARS-CoV-2 variants and perform directed evolution of immortalized B cell clones to produce antibodies with improved binding and neutralization against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.ResultsImmortalization of PBMC and tonsil-derived human B cells was achieved through transduction with retroviral vectors encoding apoptosis inhibitors,yielding transduction efficiencies of 67.5% for PBMCs and 50.2% for tonsil-derived cells. Analysis revealed that immortalized B cell libraries produced with this method retain diverse immunoglobulin isotype representations. Through high-throughput functional screening of approximately 40,000 B cells per library,we identified 12 unique clones with neutralization activity for SARS-CoV-2,leading to selection of monoclonal antibodies with robust neutralization activity against Delta and BA.5 variants. We applied our directed evolution approach to libraries generated by ex vivo AID-induced somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immortalized B cell clones to enhance the affinity and cross-reactivity,resulting in improved binding and neutralization potency to escape variants such as EG.5.1 and JN.1. Furthermore,we engineered a bi-paratopic antibody combining KBA2401,a broadly neutralizing antibody binding to highly conserved epitope on Spike-RBD,and KBA2402,a broadly binding non-neutralizing antibody,resulting in enhanced potency against SARS-CoV-2 variant JN.1 and KP.3.DiscussionOur findings illustrate the use of immortalized B cell libraries for development of therapeutics that adapt to viral evolution and highlight the application of ex vivo directed evolution in refining antibody responses against emerging immune escape SARS-CoV-2 variants. The approach here described offers a promising pathway for rapid therapeutic development in the face of evolving viral threats. View Publication

BackgroundLung cancer has become one of the most fatal cancers at present. Traditional treatments showed limited therapeutic effects on lung cancer. The phototherapy has emerged as a powerful approach for lung cancer treatment. Aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) exhibit excellent optical performance such as strong fluorescence,enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation,and effective thermal effect after aggregation,which show great potential in phototherapy. However,the disadvantages including hydrophobicity,low specificity,and short circulation lifetime limited their efficacy on cancer therapy.MethodsWe developed a biomimetic AIEgens constructed using CD8+ T cells membrane to camouflage the AIEgen C41H37N2O3S2 (named BITT) nanoparticles (termed TB). The prepared TB improved the tumor accumulation of AIEgen by PD-1/PD-L1 recognition on the CD8+ T and LLC cell membranes,respectively.ResultsThe prepared TB showed improved binding efficiency,photothermal effects,and ROS generation ability to kill the lung cancer cells. TB also showed improved circulation lifetime and excellent tumor targeting ability,leading to effective phototherapy and immunotherapy in vivo based on BITT and the CD8+ T cell-derived membranes. Based on the AIE and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) strategies,TB enhanced the antitumor activities of lung cancer by phototherapy and immunotherapy.ConclusionThe present work developed a type of biomimetic AIEgens,which overcame the inherent limitations of conventional AIEgens and leveraged immune recognition for targeted tumor accumulation. Furthermore,the integration of AIE-driven phototherapy with immune checkpoint blockade demonstrated potent synergistic antitumor efficacy,establishing a promising combinatorial strategy against aggressive lung malignancies. View Publication

Affinity maturation and differentiation of B cells in the germinal center (GC) are tightly controlled by epigenetically regulated transcription programs,but the underlying mechanisms are only partially understood. Here we show that Cfp1,an integral component of the histone methyltransferase complex Setd1A/B,is critically required for GC responses. Cfp1 deficiency in activated B cells greatly impairs GC formation with diminished proliferation,somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation. Mechanistically,Cfp1 deletion reduces H3K4me3 marks at a subset of cell cycle and GC-related genes and impairs their transcription. Importantly,Cfp1 promotes the expression of transcription factors MEF2B and OCA-B and the Bcl6 enhancer-promoter looping for its efficient induction. Accordingly,Cfp1-deficient GCB cells upregulate IRF4 and preferentially differentiate into plasmablasts. Furthermore,Cfp1 ablation upregulates a panel of pre-memory genes with elevated H3K4me3 and leads to markedly expanded memory B populations. In summary,our study reveals that Cfp1-safeguarded epigenetic regulation ensures proper dynamics of GCB cells for affinity maturation and prevents the pre-mature exit from GC as memory cells. Cellular differentiation decisions,such as fates of B cells following entry into the germinal centres,are governed by epigenetically and transcriptionally regulated paths for bifurcating cell fates. Here the authors show that CFP1 is a master epigenetic regulator of activated B cells and controls their hypermutation and affinity maturation via the histone methyltransferase complex Setd1A/B. View Publication

Programmable epigenome editors modify gene expression in mammalian cells by altering the local chromatin environment at target loci without inducing DNA breaks. However,the large size of CRISPR-based epigenome editors poses a challenge to their broad use in biomedical research and as future therapies. Here,we present Robust ENveloped Delivery of Epigenome-editor Ribonucleoproteins (RENDER) for transiently delivering programmable epigenetic repressors (CRISPRi,DNMT3A-3L-dCas9,CRISPRoff) and activator (TET1-dCas9) as ribonucleoprotein complexes into human cells to modulate gene expression. After rational engineering,we show that RENDER induces durable epigenetic silencing of endogenous genes across various human cell types,including primary T cells. Additionally,we apply RENDER to epigenetically repress endogenous genes in human stem cell-derived neurons,including the reduction of the neurodegenerative disease associated V337M-mutated Tau protein. Together,our RENDER platform advances the delivery of CRISPR-based epigenome editors into human cells,broadening the use of epigenome editing in fundamental research and therapeutic applications. Epigenome editing programs gene silencing without inducing DNA breaks but challenges in delivery into human cells limit its broader use. Here,the authors present the RENDER platform,which uses virus-like particles to enable CRISPR-based epigenome editing for durable gene silencing in human cells. View Publication

Metastatic breast cancer remains largely incurable,and the mechanisms driving the transition from primary to metastatic breast cancer remain elusive. We analyzed the complex landscape of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer primary and metastatic tumors using scRNA-seq data from twenty-three female patients with either primary or metastatic disease. By employing single-cell transcriptional profiling of unpaired patient samples,we sought to elucidate the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying changes in the metastatic tumor ecosystem. We identified specific subtypes of stromal and immune cells critical to forming a pro-tumor microenvironment in metastatic lesions,including CCL2+ macrophages,exhausted cytotoxic T cells,and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Analysis of cell-cell communication highlights a marked decrease in tumor-immune cell interactions in metastatic tissues,likely contributing to an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In contrast,primary breast cancer samples displayed increased activation of the TNF-α signaling pathway via NF-kB,indicating a potential therapeutic target. Our study comprehensively characterizes the transcriptional landscape encompassing primary and metastatic breast cancer. View Publication

Natural killer (NK) cells,which are key components of the innate immune response,are crucial for ensuring the efficacy of vaccines as they rapidly eliminate infected cells and enhance the adaptive immune response,ensuring robust and lasting protection. In this report,we investigated the effect of Cladophora wrightiana var. minor (CW) extract,a marine alga,in activating NK cells,as an adjuvant to inactivated A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 influenza vaccine (iPR8). In vitro,CW extract significantly enhanced the level of activation markers CD69 and CD107a on NK cells and triggered intracellular secretion of interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) and granzyme B (GrB),indicating effective NK cell stimulation and cytotoxic function. In vivo,CW extract promoted substantial NK cell recruitment and activation,resulting in higher NK cell populations and elevated post‐immunization levels of activation markers. Additionally,CW extract increased IFN‐γ and GrB production in CD8+ T cells,highlighting its broader impact on the immune response. We also found direct evidence that CW‐activated NK cells and dendritic cells (DCs) interacted with and induced the activation of immature DCs and resting NK cells,respectively. These findings suggest that CW extract is a promising adjuvant for nasal vaccines,enhancing cellular immunity by activating NK cells and supporting interactions with DCs and CD8+ T cells. Cladophora wrightiana var. minor (CW) extract,administered as an adjuvant with inactivated influenza virus (iPR8),stimulates both innate and adaptive immune responses. CW enhances NK cell activation,cytotoxic function,and reciprocal crosstalk with dendritic cells,while also promoting CD8+ T cell responses and antigen‐specific IgG production. These findings support CW as a potent nasal vaccine adjuvant capable of boosting protective immunity. https://app.biorender.com/illustrations/6893f7d09e3fc89e9d953f76?slideId=2a6a42b6‐a3d9‐400a‐b839‐fa297b3108c5. View Publication

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Leukemic stem cells (LSCs),which drive disease progression and confer resistance to therapy,pose a significant challenge to conventional treatment strategies. In this study,we identified and characterized the inhibitory mechanisms of TH37,a small molecule derived from traditional Chinese medicine,which selectively targets AML blasts and LSCs. Our analyses identified peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1),an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (a reactive oxygen species),as the primary molecular target of TH37. We demonstrated that TH37 directly interacts with PRDX1,inhibiting its enzymatic activity and thereby elevating intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in AML cells. PRDX1 was found to be overexpressed in AML,and its expression correlated with poor prognosis and the activation of AML- and cancer-associated pathways. Targeting PRDX1,either through lentiviral short-hairpin RNA-mediated silencing or TH37 treatment,induced apoptosis,reduced colony formation,and impaired the engraftment and growth of AML cells in immunodeficient mouse models. Furthermore,TH37 synergized with conventional chemotherapeutic agent to significantly reduce the viability and colony-forming capacity of AML cells. These findings demonstrate the critical role of PRDX1 in AML pathogenesis and highlight its potential as a key therapeutic target to improve clinical outcomes for AML patients. View Publication

Hantaviruses are zoonotically transmitted from rodents to humans through the respiratory route,with no currently approved antivirals or widely available vaccines. The recent discovery of interhuman-transmitted Andes virus (ANDV) necessitates the systematic identification of cell tropism,infective potential,and potent therapeutic agents. We utilized human primary lung endothelial cells,various pluripotent stem cell-derived heart and brain cell types,and established human lung organoid models to evaluate the tropisms of Old World Hantaan (HTNV) and New World ANDV and Sin Nombre (SNV) viruses. ANDV exhibited broad tropism for all cell types assessed. SNV readily infected pulmonary endothelial cells,while HTNV robustly amplified in endothelial cells,cardiomyocytes,and astrocytes. We also provide the first evidence of hantaviral infection in human 3D distal lung organoids,which effectively modeled these differential tropisms. ANDV infection transcriptionally promoted cell injury and inflammatory responses,and downregulated lipid metabolic pathways in lung epithelial cells. Evaluation of selected drug candidates and pharmacotranscriptomics revealed that the host-directed small molecule compound urolithin B inhibited ANDV infection and restored cellular metabolism with minimal changes in host transcription. Given the scarcity of academic BSL-4 facilities that enable in vivo hantaviral studies,this investigation presents advanced human cell-based model systems that closely recapitulate host cell tropism and responses to infection,thereby providing critical platforms to evaluate potential antiviral drug candidates. Author summaryHantaviruses are fatal human pathogens that cause hemorrhagic fevers and are classified into either Old World or New World groups. Though most hantaviruses utilize zoonotic transmission,the New World Andes virus (ANDV) is unique in its ability to spread between humans. This distinct transmission mode underscores the need to investigate its cell tropism,pathogenicity,and therapeutic targets. Thus,we performed a systems-level comparison of the Old World Hantaan virus (HTNV) and New World hantaviruses,ANDV and Sin Nombre virus (SNV),using human lung,heart,and brain cell models,alongside lipidomic and transcriptomic profiling. We observed that ANDV exhibits broad tropism,infecting all tested cell types,including lung epithelial cells. HTNV replicated in lung endothelial,heart,and brain cells,whereas SNV replication was largely confined to lung endothelial cells. Notably,ANDV infection induced stronger host transcriptional changes,promoted cell injury and inflammatory responses,and suppressed lipid metabolic pathways in lung epithelial cells. Further drug testing and pharmacotranscriptomic analysis identified effective inhibitors of ANDV infection,including urolithin B,that restored cellular metabolism with minimal transcriptional disruption. This study provides a comparative framework for understanding hantavirus cell tropism and host responses and highlights potential antiviral candidates for treating these severe viral infections. View Publication