参考文献

Granulomas are innate sequestration responses that can be modified by superimposed acquired immune mechanisms. The present study examined the innate stage of pulmonary granuloma responses to bead-immobilized Th1- and Th2-inducing pathogen antigens (Ags),Mycobacteria bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) and Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg Ags (SEA). Compared to a nonpathogen Ag,PPD and SEA bead elicited larger lesions with the former showing accelerated inflammation. Temporal analyses of cytokine and chemokine transcripts showed all Ag beads induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA but indicated biased interleukin (IL)-1,IL-6,and IL-12 expression with PPD challenge. All beads elicited comparable levels of CXCL9,CXL10,CCL2,CCL17,and CCL22 mRNA,but PPD beads caused biased CXCL2 CXCL5,CCL3,and CCL4 expression whereas both pathogen Ags induced CCL7. Immunohistochemical,electron microscopic,and flow cytometric analyses showed that Ag beads mobilized CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) of comparable maturation. Transfer of DCs from PPD Ag-challenged lungs conferred a Th1 anamnestic cytokine response in recipients. Surprisingly,transfer of DCs from the helminth SEA-challenged lungs did not confer the expected Th2 response,but instead rendered recipients incapable of Ag-elicited IL-4 production. These results provide in vivo evidence that lung DCs recruited under inflammatory conditions favor Th1 responses and alternative mechanisms are required for Th2 commitment. View Publication

Cell enrichment methods that deal with larger volumes of peripheral blood and BM are needed for increased sensitivity of detection,characterization and quantification of isolated tumor cells (ITC). This study was designed to evaluate a new procedure,the RosetteSep-Applied Imaging Rare Event (RARE) detection method,which depletes the majority of the erythrocytes and leucocytes in a peripheral blood (PB) sample,thereby negatively enriching tumor cells if present. This enrichment procedure allows for increased sensitivity,by analyzing a 5-10 fold larger volume of blood,compared with a direct immunocytochemical (ICC) technique,with minimal impact on laboratory workload. Model experiments showed comparable tumor cell recoveries between the two tested methods,both in PB and BM. Clinical samples were evaluated using paired PB and BM samples from 95 carcinoma patients. Analysis of PB results showed that 25.3% had textgreater or = 1 tumor cell detected by the RARE procedure,compared with 5.2% after direct ICC analysis,analyzing a 10-fold larger volume by the RARE procedure. The direct ICC analysis of BM from the same patients revealed 16.8% positive. The ITC detection differed both quantitatively and qualitatively between BM and PB,as samples with high numbers of ITC in BM were still negative in PB. The clinical significance of ITC in blood still needs to be established. However,the easy access of peripheral blood,and the increased sensitivity obtained by increasing the sample volume with the RARE procedure,suggests that the value of peripheral blood analysis should be tested in parallel in studies where ITC detection in BM is performed. View Publication

In this study,in an attempt to identify neuroblastoma-associated surface antigens,we generated mAbs against the ACN neuroblastoma cell line. A mAb was selected (5B14) that reacted with all neuroblastoma cell lines analyzed and allowed detection of tumor cell infiltrates in bone marrow aspirates from neuroblastoma patients. In cytofluorimetric analysis,unlike anti-disialoganglioside mAb,5B14 mAb did not display reactivity with normal bone marrow hematopoietic cell precursors,thus representing a highly specific marker for identifying neuroblastoma cells. Molecular analysis revealed that the 5B14 mAb-reactive surface glycoprotein corresponded to the recently identified 4Ig-B7-H3 molecule. Remarkably,mAb-mediated masking of the 4Ig-B7-H3 molecule on cell transfectants or on freshly isolated neuroblastoma cells resulted in enhancement of natural killer-mediated lysis of these target cells. These data suggest that 4Ig-B7-H3 molecules expressed at the tumor cell surface can exert a protective role from natural killer-mediated lysis by interacting with a still undefined inhibitory receptor expressed on natural killer cells. View Publication

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC),a chronic inflammatory liver disease characterized by progressive bile duct destruction,develops as an extra-intestinal complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Chapman,R.W. 1991. Gut. 32:1433-1435). However,the liver and bowel inflammation are rarely concomitant,and PSC can develop in patients whose colons have been removed previously. We hypothesized that PSC is mediated by long-lived memory T cells originally activated in the gut,but able to mediate extra-intestinal inflammation in the absence of active IBD (Grant,A.J.,P.F. Lalor,M. Salmi,S. Jalkanen,and D.H. Adams. 2002. Lancet. 359:150-157). In support of this,we show that liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in PSC include mucosal T cells recruited to the liver by aberrant expression of the gut-specific chemokine CCL25 that activates alpha4beta7 binding to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 on the hepatic endothelium. This is the first demonstration in humans that T cells activated in the gut can be recruited to an extra-intestinal site of disease and provides a paradigm to explain the pathogenesis of extra-intestinal complications of IBD. View Publication

Previous studies have demonstrated leukemic complications in mice after high-copy retroviral gene transfer of the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) cDNA,encoding a membrane-located efflux pump expressed in hematopoietic stem cells. In contrast,no such complications or MDR1-associated alterations of hematopoiesis were observed in numerous other studies exploring MDR1 gene transfer into cell lines,mice,dogs,nonhuman primates,and human subjects. Here,we show that leukemias associated with retroviral expression of MDR1 depend on high vector dose,and involve the selection of clones with combinatorial insertional mutagenesis of proto-oncogenes or other signaling genes. Compared with insertion patterns in normal long-term repopulating hematopoietic cells,such hits were overrepresented in leukemic clones,pointing to a causal role. A similar constellation of insertion sites was also observed in a leukemia arising after high-copy retroviral gene transfer of a fluorescent protein. Spectral karyotyping demonstrated additional chromosomal translocations in a subset of cases,indicative of secondary genetic instability. We also show that insertional mutants can be amplified in vitro prior to transplantation. On the basis of these findings,we suggest the use of preclinical dose-escalation studies to define a therapeutic index for retroviral transgene delivery. View Publication

The coding region determinant-binding protein/insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein (CRD-BP/IMP1) is an RNA-binding protein specifically recognizing c-myc,leader 3' IGF-II and tau mRNAs,and the H19 RNA. CRD-BP/IMP1 is predominantly expressed in embryonal tissues but is de novo activated and/or overexpressed in various human neoplasias. To address the question of whether CRD-BP/IMP1 expression characterizes certain cell types displaying distinct proliferation and/or differentiation properties (i.e. stem cells),we isolated cell subpopulations from human bone marrow,mobilized peripheral blood,and cord blood,all sources known to contain stem cells,and monitored for its expression. CRD-BP/IMP1 was detected only in cord blood-derived CD34(+) stem cells and not in any other cell type of either adult or cord blood origin. Adult BM CD34(+) cells cultured in the presence of 5'-azacytidine expressed de novo CRD-BP/IMP1,suggesting that epigenetic modifications may be responsible for its silencing in adult non-expressing cells. Furthermore,by applying the short interfering RNA methodology in MCF-7 cells,we observed,subsequent to knocking down CRD-BP/IMP1,decreased c-myc expression,increased IGF-II mRNA levels,and reduced cell proliferation rates. These data 1) suggest a normal role for CRD-BP/IMP1 in pluripotent stem cells with high renewal capacity,like the CB CD34(+) cells,2) indicate that altered methylation may directly or indirectly affect its expression in adult cells,3) imply that its de novo activation in cancer cells may affect the expression of c-Myc and insulin-like growth factor II,and 4) indicate that the inhibition of CRD-BP/IMP1 expression might affect cancer cell proliferation. View Publication

The phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3K)/phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten/Akt pathway,which is a critical regulator of cell proliferation and survival,is mutated or activated in a wide variety of cancers. Akt appears to be a key central node in this pathway and thus is an attractive target for targeted molecular therapy. We demonstrated that Akt is highly phosphorylated in thyroid cancer cell lines and human thyroid cancer specimens,and hypothesised that KP372-1,an Akt inhibitor,would block signalling through the PI3K pathway and inhibit cell proliferation while inducing apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells. KP372-1 blocked signalling downstream of Akt in thyroid tumour cells,leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. As thyroid cancer consistently expresses phosphorylated Akt and KP372-1 effectively blocks Akt signalling,further preclinical evaluation of this compound for treatment of thyroid cancer is warranted. View Publication

PURPOSE: The propensity of tumor cells to escape immune elimination could limit,if not defeat,the long-term benefits of effective immunotherapeutic protocols. Immunologic targeting of tumor stroma could significantly reduce the ability of tumors to evade immune elimination. Murine studies have shown that inducing immunity against angiogenesis-associated products engenders potent antitumor immunity without significant pathology. It is,however,not known whether T cells corresponding to stromal products are present in humans. In this study,we describe a method to screen for human stromal products that have not triggered significant tolerance and could therefore serve as candidate antigens for cancer immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To identify candidates for human stromal antigens,we used an in vitro-screening method to determine whether dendritic cells transfected with mRNA encoding products,which are overexpressed in the tumor stroma,are capable of stimulating cytotoxic CD8(+) (CTL) responses from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS: CTL responses could be consistently generated against fibroblast activation protein (FAP) but not against matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) or MMP-14. To enhance the immunogenicity of the mRNA-translated FAP product,a lysosomal targeting signal derived from lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) was fused to the COOH terminus of FAP to redirect the translated product into the class II presentation pathway. Dendritic cells transfected with mRNA encoding the FAP-LAMP fusion product stimulated enhanced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. CONCLUSION: This study identifies FAP,a protease preferentially expressed in tumor-associated fibroblasts,as a candidate human stromal antigen to target in the setting of cancer immunotherapy,and shows that differential expression of stromal products is not a sufficient criteria to indicate its immunogenicity in a vaccination setting. View Publication

Therapies that target signaling pathways critical to the pathogenesis and progression of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) are needed. One such target,phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,and its downstream target serine/threonine kinase,Akt,are up-regulated in HNSCC. Targeted therapy could consist of inhibitors of these kinases or,alternatively,of inhibitors of the pathways that they regulate. To explore the effect of Akt inhibition on the growth and survival of HNSCC tumors,we evaluated the effect of a novel Akt inhibitor,KP372-1,on the growth,survival,and sensitivity to anoikis of HNSCC cell lines in culture. Using Western blotting of head and neck cancer cell lines and squamous mucosa and carcinoma specimens,we found that Akt was highly phosphorylated in head and neck cancer cell lines and human head and neck squamous carcinoma specimens. Treatment of HNSCC cell lines with KP372-1 blocked the activation of Akt,inhibited head and neck cancer cell proliferation,and induced apoptosis and anoikis in several HNSCC cell lines. Furthermore,KP372-1 decreased the phosphorylation of the S6 ribosomal (Ser240/244) protein,which is a downstream target of Akt. Taken together,these findings indicate that KP372-1 may be a useful therapeutic agent for HNSCC and should be further evaluated in preclinical models of HNSCC. View Publication

Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and Akt are important regulators of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and thus are important to the regulation of a wide spectrum of tumor-related biological processes. Akt regulates several critical cellular functions,including cell cycle progression; cell migration,invasion,and survival; and angiogenesis. Decreased expression of PTEN and overexpression of the Akt proto-oncogene,which is located downstream of PI3K,have been shown in a variety of cancers,including glioblastoma. Novel small-molecule inhibitors of receptors and signaling pathways,including inhibitors of the PI3K pathway,have shown antitumor activity,but inhibitors of Akt have not been examined. In this study,we tested our hypothesis that the pharmacologic inhibition of Akt has an antiproliferative effect on gliomas. We showed that two newly developed Akt inhibitors,KP-372-1 and KP-372-2 (herein called KP-1 and KP-2),effectively inhibited the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade. KP-1 and KP-2 blocked both the basal and epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of Akt Ser473 at 125 and 250 nmol/L,which,in turn,reduced the activation of intracellular downstream targets of Akt,including GSK-3beta and p70s6k. Furthermore,the treatment of U87 and U251 glioma cells with 125 to 250 nmol/L KP-1 and KP2 for 48 hours inhibited cell growth by approximately 50%. This decrease in cell growth stemmed from the induction of apoptosis. Collectively,these results provide a strong rationale for the pharmacologic targeting of Akt for the treatment of gliomas. View Publication