参考文献

Apoptosis is a key pathogenic mechanism in sepsis that induces extensive death of lymphocytes and dendritic cells,thereby contributing to the immunosuppression that characterizes the septic disorder. Numerous animal studies indicate that prevention of apoptosis in sepsis improves survival and may represent a potential therapy for this highly lethal disorder. Recently,novel cell-penetrating peptide constructs such as HIV-1 TAT basic domain and related peptides have been developed to deliver bioactive cargoes and peptides into cells. In the present study,we investigated the effects of sepsis-induced apoptosis in Bcl-x(L) transgenic mice and in wild-type mice treated with an antiapoptotic TAT-Bcl-x(L) fusion protein and TAT-BH4 peptide. Lymphocytes from Bcl-x(L) transgenic mice were resistant to sepsis-induced apoptosis,and these mice had a approximately 3-fold improvement in survival. TAT-Bcl-x(L) and TAT-BH4 prevented Escherichia coli-induced human lymphocyte apoptosis ex vivo and markedly decreased lymphocyte apoptosis in an in vivo mouse model of sepsis. In conclusion,TAT-conjugated antiapoptotic Bcl-2-like peptides may offer a novel therapy to prevent apoptosis in sepsis and improve survival. View Publication

Current therapies for delayed- or nonunion bone fractures are still largely ineffective. Previous studies indicated that the VEGF homolog placental growth factor (PlGF) has a more significant role in disease than in health. Therefore we investigated the role of PlGF in a model of semi-stabilized bone fracture healing. Fracture repair in mice lacking PlGF was impaired and characterized by a massive accumulation of cartilage in the callus,reminiscent of delayed- or nonunion fractures. PlGF was required for the early recruitment of inflammatory cells and the vascularization of the fracture wound. Interestingly,however,PlGF also played a role in the subsequent stages of the repair process. Indeed in vivo and in vitro findings indicated that PlGF induced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitors and stimulated cartilage turnover by particular MMPs. Later in the process,PlGF was required for the remodeling of the newly formed bone by stimulating osteoclast differentiation. As PlGF expression was increased throughout the process of bone repair and all the important cell types involved expressed its receptor VEGFR-1,the present data suggest that PlGF is required for mediating and coordinating the key aspects of fracture repair. Therefore PlGF may potentially offer therapeutic advantages for fracture repair. View Publication

In a murine model of autoimmunity targeted against the epidermal cell Ags,Skn,adoptive transfer of Skn-immune T cells to immunosuppressed recipients elicits skin lesions in areas of mild epidermal trauma. In this study,we examined peripheral regulation of Skn-induced autoreactivity disrupted by rendering the mice immunoincompetent. We found that regulation of Skn-directed autoimmunity was restored by cotransfer of normal syngeneic spleen cells at twice the concentration of Skn-immune cells and was evidenced by significantly reduced lesion severity by days 5-7 post-cotransfer compared with animals given injections of Skn-immune cells alone. Enrichment and depletion of normal CD4(+) or CD8(+) spleen cells and RT-PCR analysis of selected cytokines identified CD4(+) cells as the regulatory cells in the cotransfer inoculum; however,significant reduction in lesion severity was observed only when there was a concomitant increase in levels of IL-7. The role of IL-7 was further supported in that mice cotransferred with Skn-immune cells plus normal spleen cells,but also treated with anti-IL-7 Ab,no longer exhibited reduced lesion severity. To determine whether IL-7 expression without normal spleen cell cotransfer could modulate lesion development,an IL-7-encoding plasmid (pCMV-Tag1-IL-7) was topically delivered to sites flanking the stressed skin site in Skn-induced autoimmune mice. Daily application of 15 mug of pCMV-Tag1-IL-7 significantly suppressed lesion severity. Our results support a mechanism for CD4(+) T cells and IL-7 in contributing to the control of autoreactivity. View Publication

The ability of acute myeloid leukemic (AML) blasts to differentiate into leukemic dendritic cells (DC) thus acquiring the potential to present known and unknown leukemic antigens efficiently,holds promise as a possible new treatment for AML patients with minimal residual disease. Recent advances in culture methods have made the clinical use of leukemic DC feasible. However,additional measures appear to be essential in order to potentiate vaccines and to overcome the intrinsic tolerant state of the patients immune system. This review describes ways to improve AML-DC vaccines and discusses critical aspects concerning the development of clinical vaccination protocols. View Publication

The innate ability of B lymphoma cells to escape control by tumor-reactive T cells must be overcome to develop effective immunotherapies for these diseases. Because signals from both the innate and adaptive immune systems direct the acquisition of strong immunogenicity by professional APCs,the effects of IL-2 and the TLR-7 agonist,S28690,on the immunogenic properties of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells were studied. IL-2 with S28690 caused CLL cells to proliferate and increased their expression of B7-family members,production of TNF-alpha and IL-10,and levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT-1 and STAT-3 proteins. S28690 increased CD25 expression on CLL cells and sensitized them to IL-2 signaling. However,IL-2 did not change TLR-7 expression or signaling in CLL cells. The ability to stimulate T cell proliferation required additional activation of protein kinase C,which inhibited tumor cell proliferation,switched off" IL-10 production� View Publication

Anemia due to chronic disease or chemotherapy often is ameliorated by erythropoietin (Epo). Present studies reveal that,unlike steady-state erythropoiesis,erythropoiesis during anemia depends sharply on an Epo receptor-phosphotyrosine-343-Stat5 signaling axis. In mice expressing a phosphotyrosine-null (PY-null) Epo receptor allele (EpoR-HM),severe and persistent anemia was induced by hemolysis or 5-fluorouracil. In short-term transplantation experiments,donor EpoR-HM bone marrow cells also failed to efficiently repopulate the erythroid compartment. In each context,stress erythropoiesis was rescued to WT levels upon the selective restoration of an EpoR PY343 Stat5-binding site (EpoR-H allele). As studied using a unique primary culture system,EpoR-HM erythroblasts exhibited marked stage-specific losses in Epo-dependent growth and survival. EpoR-H PY343 signals restored efficient erythroblast expansion,and the selective Epo induction of the Stat5 target genes proviral integration site-1 (Pim-1) and oncostatin-M. Bcl2-like 1 (Bcl-x),in contrast,was not significantly induced via WT-EpoR,EpoR-HM,or EpoR-H alleles. In Kit+ CD71+ erythroblasts,EpoR-PY343 signals furthermore enhanced SCF growth effects,and SCF modulation of Pim-1 kinase and oncostatin-M expression. In maturing Kit- CD71+ erythroblasts,oncostatin-M exerted antiapoptotic effects that likewise depended on EpoR PY343-mediated events. Stress erythropoiesis,therefore,requires stage-specific EpoR-PY343-Stat5 signals,some of which selectively bolster SCF and oncostatin-M action. View Publication

Adaptor protein-3 (AP-3) is an ubiquitous cytoplasmic complex that shuttles cargo proteins from the trans-Golgi and a tubular-endosomal compartment to endosome-lysosome-related organelles. Lack of the beta3A subunit of this complex causes Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2,an autosomal recessive disease characterized by partial albinism,prolonged bleeding tendency,and immunodeficiency. To investigate the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency,we studied natural killer (NK) cells and neutrophil functions in 2 previously unreported siblings affected by Hermansky-Pudlak type 2 syndrome. In both patients we observed a dramatic reduction of cytolytic activity of freshly isolated and of IL-2-activated NK cells. Levels of perforin were reduced in unstimulated NK cells,thereby accounting for the impairment of NK cytolitic activity. In addition,analysis of neutrophils in these patients demonstrated that intracellular elastase content was largely reduced while CD63 expression on plasma membrane was substantially increased. Taken together,these observations suggest that type 2 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is characterized by defects of innate immunity. View Publication

Current strategies for the production of therapeutic mAbs include the use of mammalian cell systems to recombinantly produce Abs derived from mice bearing human Ig transgenes,humanization of rodent Abs,or phage libraries. Generation of hybridomas secreting human mAbs has been previously reported; however,this approach has not been fully exploited for immunotherapy development. We previously reported the use of transient regulation of cellular DNA mismatch repair processes to enhance traits (e.g.,affinity and titers) of mAb-producing cell lines,including hybridomas. We reasoned that this process,named morphogenics,could be used to improve suboptimal hybridoma cells generated by means of ex vivo immunization and immortalization of antigen-specific human B cells for therapeutic Ab development. Here we present a platform process that combines hybridoma and morphogenics technologies for the generation of fully human mAbs specific for disease-associated human antigens. We were able to generate hybridoma lines secreting mAbs with high binding specificity and biological activity. One mAb with strong neutralizing activity against human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was identified that is now considered for preclinical development for autoimmune disease indications. Moreover,these hybridoma cells have proven suitable for genetic optimization using the morphogenics process and have shown potential for large-scale manufacturing. View Publication

B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS),a relatively recently recognized member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family (TNF),is a potent cell-survival factor expressed in many hematopoietic cells. BLyS binds to 3 TNF-R receptors,TACI,BCMA,BAFF-R,to regulate B-cell survival,differentiation,and proliferation. The mechanisms involved in BLYS gene expression and regulation are still incompletely understood. In this study,we examined BLYS gene expression,function,and regulation in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL-B) cells. Our studies indicate that BLyS is constitutively expressed in aggressive NHL-B cells,including large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL),playing an important role in the survival and proliferation of malignant B cells. We found that 2 important transcription factors,NF-kappaB and NFAT,are involved in regulating BLyS expression through at least one NF-kappaB and 2 NFAT binding sites in the BLYS promoter. We also provide evidence suggesting that the constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and BLyS in NHL-B cells forms a positive feedback loop associated with lymphoma cell survival and proliferation. Our findings indicate that constitutive NF-kappaB and NFAT activations are crucial transcriptional regulators of the BLyS survival pathway in malignant B cells that could be therapeutic targets in aggressive NHL-B. View Publication

Human and mouse studies indicate that TLRs are important in mycobacterial infections. We investigated TLR gene expression in fresh unstimulated blood and bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis using a well-validated,real-time PCR. A human splice variant of TLR1,designated hsTLR1,was found in all donors tested. hsTLR1 mRNA lacks exon 2,which is a 77-bp region of the 5'-untranslated region,but contains the same coding sequence as TLR1. Compared with the matched controls,whole blood from patients had increased levels of mRNA encoding TLR2 (p = 0.0006),TLR1 (p = 0.004),hsTLR1 (p = 0.0003),TLR6 (p textless 0.0001),and TLR4 (p = 0.0002). By contrast,expression of these TLRs was not increased in bronchoalveolar lavage. An increased level of hsTLR1 mRNA was found in both CD3- (p = 0.0078) and CD4+ cells (p = 0.028),resulting in an increased ratio of hsTLR1 mRNA to TLR1 and to TLR6 mRNA. An in vitro study in THP1 cells suggested that this relative increase in hsTLR1 might be attributable to a direct effect of mycobacterial components because it could be mimicked by mycobacterial preparations in the absence of IFN-gamma or T cells and by the TLR1/2 agonist Pam3CysK4. Half-life studies using blood from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and THP1 cells exposed to Myobacterium tuberculosis in vitro showed p38 MAPK-independent stabilization of mRNAs encoding hsTLR1 and TLR1. We conclude that M. tuberculosis exerts direct effects on patterns of TLR expression,partly via changes in mRNA half-life. The significance of these changes in the pathogenesis of disease deserves further investigation. View Publication