参考文献

We have recently shown that proteasome inhibitor PS-341 induces apoptosis in drug-resistant multiple myeloma (MM) cells,inhibits binding of MM cells in the bone marrow microenvironment,and inhibits cytokines mediating MM cell growth,survival,drug resistance,and migration in vitro. PS-341 also inhibits human MM cell growth and prolongs survival in a SCID mouse model. Importantly,PS-341 has achieved remarkable clinical responses in patients with refractory relapsed MM. We here demonstrate molecular mechanisms whereby PS-341 mediates anti-MM activity by inducing p53 and MDM2 protein expression; inducing the phosphorylation (Ser15) of p53 protein; activating c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK),caspase-8,and caspase-3; and cleaving the DNA protein kinase catalytic subunit,ATM,and MDM2. Inhibition of JNK activity abrogates PS-341-induced MM cell death. These studies identify molecular targets of PS-341 and provide the rationale for the development of second-generation,more targeted therapies. View Publication

Regulatory T cells (T(reg)) that prevent autoimmune diseases by suppression of self-reactive T cells may also suppress the immune response against cancer. In mice,depletion of T(reg) by Ab therapy leads to more efficient tumor rejection. T(reg)-mediated suppression of antitumor immune responses may partly explain the poor clinical response to vaccine-based immunotherapy for human cancer. In this study,we measured the prevalence of T(reg) that coexpress CD4 and CD25 in the PBLs,tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes,and regional lymph node lymphocytes from 65 patients with either pancreas or breast cancer. In breast cancer patients (n = 35),pancreas cancer patients (n = 30),and normal donors (n = 35),the prevalence of T(reg) were 16.6% (SE 1.22),13.2% (SE 1.13),and 8.6% (SE 0.71) of the total CD4(+) cells,respectively. The prevalence of T(reg) were significantly higher in breast cancer patients (p textless 0.01) and pancreas cancer patients (p textless 0.01) when compared with normal donors. In tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and lymph node lymphocytes,the T(reg) prevalence were 20.2% (SE 3.93) and 20.1% (SE 4.3),respectively. T(reg) constitutively coexpressed CTLA-4 and CD45RO markers,and secreted TGF-beta and IL-10 but did not secrete IFN-gamma. When cocultured with activated CD8(+) cells or CD4(+)25(-) cells,T(reg) potently suppressed their proliferation and secretion of IFN-gamma. We conclude that the prevalence of T(reg) is increased in the peripheral blood as well as in the tumor microenvironment of patients with invasive breast or pancreas cancers. These T(reg) may mitigate the immune response against cancer,and may partly explain the poor immune response against tumor Ags. View Publication

To investigate the influence of antibody structure and specificity on antibody efficacy against Streptococcus pneumoniae,human monospecific antibodies (MAbs) to serotype 3 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PPS-3) were generated from transgenic mice reconstituted with human immunoglobulin loci (XenoMouse mice) vaccinated with a PPS-3-tetanus toxoid conjugate and their molecular genetic structures,epitope specificities,and protective efficacies in normal and complement-deficient mice were determined. Nucleic acid sequence analysis of three MAbs (A7,1A2,and 7C5) revealed that they use two different V(H)3 genes (A7 and 1A2 both use V3-15) and three different V(kappa) gene segments. The MAbs were found to have similar affinities for PPS-3 but different epitope specificities and CDR3 regions. Both A7 and 7C5 had a lysine at the V(H)-D junction,whereas 1A2 had a threonine. Challenge experiments with serotype 3 S. pneumoniae in BALB/c mice revealed that both 10- and 1- micro g doses of A7 and 7C5 were protective,while only a 10- micro g dose of 1A2 was protective. Both A7 and 7C5 were also protective in mice lacking either an intact alternative (FB(-/-)) or classical (C4(-/-)) complement pathway,but 1A2 was not protective in either strain. Our data suggest that PPS-3 consists of epitopes that can elicit both highly protective and less protective antibodies and that the superior efficacies of certain antibodies may be a function of their structures and/or specificities. Further investigation of relationships between structure,specificity,and efficacy for defined MAbs to PPS may identify antibody features that might be useful surrogates for antibody (and vaccine) efficacy. View Publication

Generating lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with different viral glycoproteins (GPs) may modulate the physicochemical properties of the vectors,their interaction with the host immune system,and their host range. We have investigated the capacity of a panel of GPs of both retroviral (amphotropic murine leukemia virus [MLV-A]; gibbon ape leukemia virus [GALV]; RD114,feline endogenous virus) and nonretroviral (fowl plague virus [FPV]; Ebola virus [EboV]; vesicular stomatitis virus [VSV]; lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus [LCMV]) origins to pseudotype lentiviral vectors derived from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251). SIV vectors were efficiently pseudotyped with the FPV hemagglutinin,VSV-G,LCMV,and MLV-A GPs. In contrast,the GALV and RD114 GPs conferred much lower infectivity to the vectors. Capitalizing on the conservation of some structural features in the transmembrane domains and cytoplasmic tails of the incorporation-competent MLV-A GP and in RD114 and GALV GPs,we generated chimeric GPs encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of GALV or RD114 GPs fused to the cytoplasmic tail (designated TR) of MLV-A GP. Importantly,SIV-derived vectors pseudotyped with these GALV/TR and RD114/TR GP chimeras had significantly higher titers than vectors coated with the parental GPs. Additionally,RD114/TR-pseudotyped vectors were efficiently concentrated and were resistant to inactivation induced by the complement of both human and macaque sera,indicating that modified RD114 GP-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors may be of particular interest for in vivo gene transfer applications. Furthermore,as compared to vectors pseudotyped with other retroviral GPs or with VSV-G,RD114/TR-pseudotyped vectors showed augmented transduction of human and macaque primary blood lymphocytes and CD34+ cells. View Publication

In early life,a high susceptibility to infectious diseases as well as a poor capacity to respond to vaccines are generally observed as compared with observations in adults. The mechanisms underlying immune immaturity have not been fully elucidated and could be due to the immaturity of the T/B cell responses and/or to a defect in the nature and quality of Ag presentation by the APC. This prompted us to phenotypically and functionally characterize early life murine dendritic cells (DC) purified from spleens of 7-day-old mice. We showed that neonatal CD11c(+) DC express levels of costimulatory molecules and MHC molecules similar to those of adult DC and are able to fully maturate after LPS activation. Furthermore,we demonstrated that neonatal DC can efficiently take up,process,and present Ag to T cells in vitro and induce specific CTL responses in vivo. Although a reduced number of these cells was observed in the spleen of neonatal mice as compared with adults,this study clearly shows that neonatal DC have full functional capacity and may well prime Ag-specific naive T cells in vivo. View Publication

Two distinct dendritic cell (DC) subpopulations have been evidenced in mice on the basis of their differential CD8alpha expression and their localization in lymphoid organs. Several reports suggest that CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) DC subsets could be functionally different. In this study,using a panel of MHC class I- and/or class II-restricted peptides,we analyzed CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses obtained after i.v. injection of freshly purified peptide-pulsed DC subsets. First,we showed that both DC subsets efficiently induce specific CTL responses and Th1 cytokine production in the absence of CD4(+) T cell priming. Second,we showed that in vivo activation of CD4(+) T cells by CD8alpha(+) or CD8alpha(-) DC,injected i.v.,leads to a nonpolarized Th response with production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The CD8alpha(-) subset induced a higher production of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 than the CD8alpha(+) subset. However,IL-5 was produced by CD4(+) T cells activated by both DC subsets. When both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were primed by DC injected i.v.,a similar pattern of cytokines was observed,but,under these conditions,Th1 cytokines were mainly produced by CD8(+) T cells,while Th2 cytokines were produced by CD4(+) T cells. Thus,this study clearly shows that CD4(+) T cell responses do not influence the development of specific CD8(+) T cell cytotoxic responses induced either by CD8alpha(+) or CD8alpha(-) DC subsets. View Publication

In Treponema denticola,a ribbon-like structure of cytoplasmic filaments spans the cytoplasm at all stages of the cell division process. Insertional inactivation was used as a first step to determine the function of the cytoplasmic filaments. A suicide plasmid was constructed that contained part of cfpA and a nonpolar erythromycin resistance cassette (ermF and ermAM) inserted near the beginning of the gene. The plasmid was electroporated into T. denticola,and double- crossover recombinants which had the chromosomal copy of cfpA insertionally inactivated were selected. Immunoblotting and electron microscopy confirmed the lack of cytoplasmic filaments. The mutant was further analyzed by dark-field microscopy to determine cell morphology and by the binding of two fluorescent dyes to DNA to assess the distribution of cellular nucleic acids. The cytoplasmic filament protein-deficient mutant exhibited pleiotropic defects,including highly condensed chromosomal DNA,compared to the homogeneous distribution of the DNA throughout the cytoplasm in a wild-type cell. Moreover,chains of cells are formed by the cytoplasmic filament- deficient mutant,and those cells show reduced spreading in agarose,which may be due to the abnormal cell length. The chains of cells and the highly condensed chromosomal DNA suggest that the cytoplasmic filaments may be involved in chromosome structure,segregation,or the cell division process in Treponema. View Publication

Bispecific antibodies directed against tumor-associated target antigens and to surface receptors mediating T-cell activation,such as the TCR/CD3 complex and the costimulatory receptor CD28,are capable of mediating T-cell activation resulting in tumor cell killing. In this study,we used the B-cell-associated antigens CD19 and CD20 as target structures on human leukemic cells. We found that a combination of bispecific antibody fragments (bsFab2) with target x CD3 and target x CD28 specificity induces vigorous autologous T-cell activation and killing of malignant cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow cultures from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma. The bsFab2 targeting CD20 were considerably more effective than those binding to CD19. The colony-forming capacity of treated bone marrow was impaired due to large amounts of tumor necrosis factor alpha produced during bsFab2-induced T-cell activation. Neutralizing tumor necrosis factor alpha antibodies were found to reverse this negative effect without affecting T-cell activation and tumor cell killing. CD20 x CD28 bsFab2,when used alone rather than in combination,markedly improved the recognition of leukemic cells by allogeneic T cells. Therefore,these reagents may be capable of enhancing the immunogenicity of leukemic cells in general and,in particular,of increasing the antileukemic activity of allogeneic donor buffy coat cells in relapsed bone marrow transplanted patients. View Publication

We have generated rat monoclonal antibodies specific for the mouse eotaxin receptor,C-C chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3). Several anti-CCR3 mAbs proved to be useful for in vivo depletion of CCR3-expressing cells and immunofluorescent staining. In vivo CCR3 mAbs of the IgG2b isotype substantially depleted blood eosinophil levels in Nippostrongyus brasiliensis-infected mice. Repeated anti-CCR3 mAb treatment in these mice significantly reduced tissue eosinophilia in the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Flow cytometry revealed that mCCR3 was expressed on eosinophils but not on stem cells,dendritic cells,or cells from the thymus,lymph node,or spleen of normal mice. Unlike human Th2 cells,mouse Th2 cells did not express detectable levels of CCR3 nor did they give a measurable response to eotaxin. None of the mAbs were antagonists or agonists of CCR3 calcium mobilization. To our knowledge,the antibodies described here are the first mAbs reported to be specific for mouse eosinophils and to be readily applicable for the detection,isolation,and in vivo depletion of eosinophils. View Publication

Type 1 interferon-producing cells (IPCs),also known as plasmacytoid dendritic cell (DC) precursors,represent the key effectors in antiviral innate immunity and triggers for adaptive immune responses. IPCs play important roles in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in modulating immune responses after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Understanding IPC development from hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) may provide critical information in controlling viral infection,autoimmune SLE,and graft-versus-host disease. FLT3-ligand (FLT3-L) represents a key IPC differentiation factor from HPCs. Although hematopoietic cytokines such as interleukin-3 (IL-3),IL-7,stem cell factor (SCF),macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF),and granulocyte M-CSF (GM-CSF) promote the expansion of CD34+ HPCs in FLT3-L culture,they strongly inhibit HPC differentiation into IPCs. Here we show that thrombopoietin (TPO) cooperates with FLT3-L,inducing CD34+ HPCs to undergo a 400-fold expansion in cell numbers and to generate more than 6 x 10(6) IPCs per 10(6) CD34+ HPCs within 30 days in culture. IPCs derived from HPCs in FLT3-L/TPO cultures display blood IPC phenotype and have the capacity to produce large amounts of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and to differentiate into mature DCs. This culture system,combined with the use of adult peripheral blood CD34+ HPCs purified from G-CSF-mobilized donors,permits the generation of more than 10(9) IPCs from a single blood donor. View Publication