参考文献

Amphoterin (HMGB1) is a 30-kD heparin-binding protein involved in process extension and migration of cells by a mechanism involving the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). High levels of amphoterin are released to serum during septic shock. We have studied the expression of amphoterin in monocytes and the role of amphoterin and RAGE in monocyte transendothelial migration. Un-activated monocytes in suspension did not reveal amphoterin on their surface,but adherent monocytes exported amphoterin to the cell surface. Immunohistochemical staining of arterial thrombi in vivo revealed amphoterin in mononuclear cells and in surrounding extracellular matrix. Amphoterin was secreted from phorbol ester and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-activated macrophages,and the secretion was inhibited by blocking the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter-1,a member of the multidrug resistance protein family. Amphoterin was specifically adhesive for monocytes in peripheral blood leukocyte adhesion assay. Adhesion caused an extensive spreading of cells,which was inhibited by the dominant-negative RAGE receptor (soluble ectodomain of RAGE),and adhesion up-regulated chromogranin expression in monocytes,also suggesting a RAGE-dependent interaction. Monocyte transendothelial migration was efficiently inhibited by anti-amphoterin and anti-RAGE antibodies and by the soluble RAGE. We suggest that amphoterin is an autocrine/paracrine regulator of monocyte invasion through the endothelium. View Publication

The galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alphaGal) carbohydrate epitope is expressed on porcine,but not human cells,and therefore represents a major target for preformed human anti-pig natural Abs (NAb). Based on results from pig-to-primate animal models,NAb binding to porcine endothelial cells will likely induce complement activation,lysis,and hyperacute rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Human NK cells may also contribute to innate immune responses against xenografts,either by direct recognition of activating molecules on target cells or by FcgammaRIII-mediated xenogeneic Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The present study addressed the question as to whether the lack of alphaGal protects porcine endothelial cells from NAb/complement-induced lysis,direct xenogeneic NK lysis,NAb-dependent ADCC,and adhesion of human NK cells under shear stress. Homologous recombination,panning,and limiting dilution cloning were used to generate an alphaGal-negative porcine endothelial cell line,PED2*3.51. NAb/complement-induced xenogeneic lysis of PED2*3.51 was reduced by an average of 86% compared with the alphaGal-positive phenotype. PED2*3.51 resisted NK cell-mediated ADCC with a reduction of lysis ranging from 30 to 70%. However,direct xenogeneic lysis of PED2*3.51,mediated either by freshly isolated or IL-2-activated human NK cells or the NK cell line NK92,was not reduced. Furthermore,adhesion of IL-2-activated human NK cells did not rely on alphaGal expression. In conclusion,removal of alphaGal leads to a clear reduction in complement-induced lysis and ADCC,but does not resolve adhesion of NK cells and direct anti-porcine NK cytotoxicity,indicating that alphaGal is not a dominant target for direct human NK cytotoxicity against porcine cells. View Publication

In the current study,we evaluated whether the capacity of HIV to modulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules has an impact on the ability of autologous natural killer (NK) cells to kill the HIV-infected cells. Analysis of HIV-infected T-cell blasts revealed that the decrease in MHC class I molecules on the infected cell surface was selective. HLA-A and -B were decreased on cells infected with HIV strains that could decrease MHC class I molecules,whereas HLA-C and -E remained on the surface. Blocking the interaction between HLA-C and -E and their corresponding inhibitory receptors increased NK cell killing of T-cell blasts infected with HIV strains that reduced MHC class I molecules. Moreover,we demonstrate that NK cells lacking HLA-C and -E inhibitory receptors kill T-cell blasts infected with HIV strains that decrease MHC class I molecules. In contrast,NK cells are incapable of destroying T-cell blasts infected with HIV strains that were unable to reduce MHC class I molecules. These findings suggest that NK cells lacking inhibitory receptors to HLA-C and -E kill HIV-infected CD4+ T cells,and they indicate that the capacity of NK cells to destroy HIV-infected cells depends on the ability of the virus to modulate MHC class I molecules. View Publication

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has potent immunoregulatory effects on the maturation and the antigen-presenting cell (APC) function of dendritic cells (DCs). The molecular basis underlying these effects in DCs,however,is ill defined. It is well established that the transcription factor NF-kappaB is a key regulator of DC development,maturation,and APC function. This study was initiated to determine the effects of IL-10 on the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in immature DCs. IL-10 pretreatment of myeloid DCs cultured from bone marrow resulted in reduced DNA binding and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB after anti-CD40 antibody or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Furthermore,inhibited NF-kappaB activation was characterized by reduced degradation,phosphorylation,or both of IkappaBalpha and IkappaBepsilon but not IkappaBbeta and by reduced phosphorylation of Ser536,located in the trans-activation domain of p65. Notably,IL-10-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB coincided with suppressed IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity in vitro. Furthermore,IL-10 blocked inducible Akt phosphorylation,and inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) effectively suppressed the activation of Akt,IKK,and NF-kappaB. These findings demonstrate that IL-10 targets IKK activation in immature DCs and that suppressing the PI3K pathway in part mediates blockade of the pathway. View Publication

Obesity has been suggested to be a low-grade systemic inflammatory state,therefore we studied the interaction between human adipocytes and monocytes via adipose tissue (AT)-derived capillary endothelium. Cells composing the stroma-vascular fraction (SVF) of human ATs were characterized by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis and two cell subsets (resident macrophages and endothelial cells [ECs]) were isolated using antibody-coupled microbeads. Media conditioned by mature adipocytes maintained in fibrin gels were applied to AT-derived ECs. Thereafter,the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules was analyzed as well as the adhesion and transmigration of human monocytes. FACS analysis showed that 11% of the SVF is composed of CD14(+)/CD31(+) cells,characterized as resident macrophages. A positive correlation was found between the BMI and the percentage of resident macrophages,suggesting that fat tissue growth is associated with a recruitment of blood monocytes. Incubation of AT-derived ECs with adipocyte-conditioned medium resulted in the upregulation of EC adhesion molecules and the increased chemotaxis of blood monocytes,an effect mimicked by recombinant human leptin. These results indicate that adipokines,such as leptin,activate ECs,leading to an enhanced diapedesis of blood monocytes,and suggesting that fat mass growth might be linked to inflammatory processes. View Publication

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an uncommon tumor largely confined to the thoracic cavity,which is resistant to conventional therapies,therefore prompting an intensive search for effective treatment alternatives. This study focuses on dendritic cell (DC) vaccination for malignant pleural mesothelioma and evaluates the in vitro efficacy of antigen-loaded DC-based vaccines for the induction of major histocompatibility complex Class I-restricted antimesothelioma cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. The source of tumor-associated antigens for HLA-A2(+) DCs from healthy donors was apoptotic HLA-A2(-) mesothelioma cells either lacking or expressing heat shock protein 70 according to whether tumor cells were heat shocked or not before ultraviolet-mediated apoptosis. Our results show that both apoptotic preparations were equivalent regarding the responsiveness of DCs to combined treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and poly(inosinic-cytidylic) acid,as determined by similar increased expression of costimulatory molecules and interleukin-12 production. However,only DCs loaded with apoptotic heat shock protein 70-expressing cells were found to be potent in vitro inducers of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity against HLA-A2(+) mesothelioma cells. Such elicited cytotoxic T lymphocytes also exhibit cytotoxic activity against an HLA-A2(+) melanoma cell line,suggesting recognition of shared antigens. These findings therefore carry the potential of offering an alternative,promising approach for the therapy of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. View Publication

Langerhans cells (LCs) constitute a subset of DCs that initiate immune responses in skin. Using leprosy as a model,we investigated whether expression of CD1a and langerin,an LC-specific C-type lectin,imparts a specific functional role to LCs. LC-like DCs and freshly isolated epidermal LCs presented nonpeptide antigens of Mycobacterium leprae to T cell clones derived from a leprosy patient in a CD1a-restricted and langerin-dependent manner. LC-like DCs were more efficient at CD1a-restricted antigen presentation than monocyte-derived DCs. LCs in leprosy lesions coexpress CD1a and langerin,placing LCs in position to efficiently present a subset of antigens to T cells as part of the host response to human infectious disease. View Publication

Primitive hematopoietic cells from several species are known to efflux both Hoechst 33342 and Rhodamine-123. We now show that murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) defined by long-term multilineage repopulation assays efflux both dyes variably according to their developmental or activation status. In day 14.5 murine fetal liver,very few HSCs efflux Hoechst 33342 efficiently,and they are thus not detected as side population" (SP) cells. HSCs in mouse fetal liver also fail to efflux Rhodamine-123. Both of these features are retained by most of the HSCs present until 4 weeks after birth but are reversed by 8 weeks of age or after a new HSC population is regenerated in adult mice that receive transplants with murine fetal liver cells. Activation of adult HSCs in vivo following 5-fluorouracil treatment� View Publication

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated dementia (HAD) is correlated with increased monocyte migration to the brain,and the incidence of HAD among otherwise asymptomatic subjects appears to be lower in India than in the United States and Europe (1 to 2% versus 15 to 30%). Because of the genetic differences between HIV-1 strains circulating in these regions,we sought to identify viral determinants associated with this difference. We targeted Tat protein for these studies in view of its association with monocyte chemotactic function. Analyses of Tat sequences representing nine subtypes revealed that at least six amino acid residues are differentially conserved in subtype C Tat (C-Tat). Of these,cysteine (at position 31) was highly (textgreater99%) conserved in non-subtype C viruses and more than 90% of subtype C viruses encoded a serine. We hypothesized a compromised chemotactic function of C-Tat due to the disruption of CC motif and tested it with the wild type C-Tat (CS) and its two isogenic variants (CC and SC) derived by site-directed mutagenesis. We found that the CS natural variant was defective for monocyte chemotactic activity without a loss in the transactivation property. While the CC mutant is functionally competent for both the functions,in contrast,the SC mutant was defective in both. Therefore,the loss of the C-Tat chemotactic property may underlie the reduced incidence of HAD; although not presenting conclusive evidence,this study provides the first evidence for a potential epidemiologic phenomenon associated with biological differences in the subtype C viruses. View Publication

In this study,we examined the effects of isoform-specific functional inhibitors of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT),which converts lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid,on multiple myeloma (MM) cell growth and survival. The LPAAT-beta inhibitors CT-32176,CT-32458,and CT-32615 induced textgreater95% growth inhibition (P textless 0.01) in MM.1S,U266,and RPMI8226 MM cell lines,as well as MM cells from patients (IC(50),50-200 nM). We further characterized this LPAAT-beta inhibitory effect using CT-32615,the most potent inhibitor of MM cell growth. CT-32615 triggered apoptosis in MM cells via caspase-8,caspase-3,caspase-7,and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Neither interleukin 6 nor insulin-like growth factor I inhibited CT-32615-induced apoptosis. Dexamethasone and immunomodulatory derivatives of thalidomide (IMiDs),but not proteasome inhibitor PS-341,augmented MM cell apoptosis triggered by LPAAT-beta inhibitors. CT-32615-induced apoptosis was associated with phosphorylation of p53 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK); conversely,JNK inhibitor SP600125 and dominant-negative JNK inhibited CT-32615-induced apoptosis. Importantly,CT-32615 inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha-triggered nuclear factor-kappaB activation but did not affect either tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation or interleukin 6-triggered signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 phosphorylation. Finally,although binding of MM cells to bone marrow stromal cells augments MM cell growth and protects against dexamethasone-induced apoptosis,CT-32615 induced apoptosis even of adherent MM cells. Our data therefore demonstrate for the first time that inhibiting LPAAT-beta induces cytotoxicity in MM cells in the bone marrow milieu,providing the framework for clinical trials of these novel agents in MM. View Publication