参考文献

RARA (retinoic acid receptor alpha) haploinsufficiency is an invariable consequence of t(15;17)(q22;q21) translocations in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Retinoids and RARA activity have been implicated in hematopoietic self-renewal and neutrophil maturation. We and others therefore predicted that RARA haploinsufficiency would contribute to APL pathogenesis. To test this hypothesis,we crossed Rara(+/-) mice with mice expressing PML (promyelocytic leukemia)-RARA from the cathepsin G locus (mCG-PR). We found that Rara haploinsufficiency cooperated with PML-RARA,but only modestly influenced the preleukemic and leukemic phenotype. Bone marrow from mCG-PR(+/-) × Rara(+/-) mice had decreased numbers of mature myeloid cells,increased ex vivo myeloid cell proliferation,and increased competitive advantage after transplantation. Rara haploinsufficiency did not alter mCG-PR-dependent leukemic latency or penetrance,but did influence the distribution of leukemic cells; leukemia in mCG-PR(+/-) × Rara(+/-) mice presented more commonly with low to normal white blood cell counts and with myeloid infiltration of lymph nodes. APL cells from these mice were responsive to all-trans retinoic acid and had virtually no differences in expression profiling compared with tumors arising in mCG-PR(+/-) × Rara(+/+) mice. These data show that Rara haploinsufficiency (like Pml haploinsufficiency and RARA-PML) can cooperate with PML-RARA to influence the pathogenesis of APL in mice,but that PML-RARA is the t(15;17) disease-initiating mutation. View Publication

BACKGROUND: We showed there are specific ALDH1 autoantibodies in ovarian autoimmune disease and ovarian cancer,suggesting a role for ALDH1 in ovarian pathology. However,there is little information on the ovarian expression of ALDH1. Therefore,we compared ALDH1 expression in normal ovary and benign and malignant ovarian tumors to determine if ALDH1 expression is altered in ovarian cancer. Since there is also recent interest in ALDH1 as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker,we assessed co-expression of ALDH1 with CSC markers in order to determine if ALDH1 is a potential CSC marker in ovarian cancer. METHODS: mRNA and protein expression were compared in normal human ovary and serous ovarian tumors using quantitative Reverse-Transcriptase PCR,Western blot (WB) and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC). ALDH1 enzyme activity was confirmed in primary ovarian cells by flow cytometry (FC) using ALDEFLUOR assay. RESULTS: ALDH1 mRNA expression was significantly reduced (p textless 0.01; n = 5) in malignant tumors compared to normal ovaries and benign tumors. The proportion of ALDH1+ cells was significantly lower in malignant tumors (17.1 ± 7.61%; n = 5) compared to normal ovaries (37.4 ± 5.4%; p textless 0.01; n = 5) and benign tumors (31.03 ± 6.68%; p textless 0.05; n = 5). ALDH1+ cells occurred in the stroma and surface epithelium in normal ovary and benign tumors,although surface epithelial expression varied more in benign tumors. Localization of ALDH1 was heterogeneous in malignant tumor cells and little ALDH1 expression occurred in poorly differentiated malignant tumors. In benign tumors the distribution of ALDH1 had features of both normal ovary and malignant tumors. ALDH1 protein expression assessed by IHC,WB and FC was positively correlated (p textless 0.01). ALDH1 did not appear to be co-expressed with the CSC markers CD44,CD117 and CD133 by IHC. CONCLUSIONS: Total ALDH1 expression is significantly reduced in malignant ovarian tumors while it is relatively unchanged in benign tumors compared to normal ovary. Thus,ALDH1 expression in the ovary does not appear to be similar to breast,lung or colon cancer suggesting possible functional differences in these cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: These observations suggest that reduced ALDH1 expression is associated with malignant transformation in ovarian cancer and provides a basis for further study of the mechanism of ALDH1 in this process. View Publication

Cancer-initiating cells (CIC) comprise a rare subpopulation of cells in tumors that are proposed to be responsible for tumor growth. Starting from CICs identified in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC),termed head and neck cancer-initiating cells (HN-CIC),we determined as a candidate stemness-maintaining molecule for HN-CICs the proinflammatory mediator S100A4,which is also known to be an inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. S100A4 knockdown in HN-CICs reduced their self-renewal capability and their stemness and tumorigenic properties,both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely,S100A4 overexpression in HNSCC cells enhanced their stem cell properties. Mechanistic investigations indicated that attenuation of endogenous S100A4 levels in HNSCC cells caused downregulation of Notch2 and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/pAKT along with upregulation of PTEN,consistent with biological findings. Immunohistochemical analysis of HNSCC clinical specimens showed that S100A4 expression was positively correlated with clinical grading,stemness markers,and poorer patient survival. Together,our findings reveal a crucial role for S100A4 signaling pathways in maintaining the stemness properties and tumorigenicity of HN-CICs. Furthermore,our findings suggest that targeting S100A4 signaling may offer a new targeted strategy for HNSCC treatment by eliminating HN-CICs. View Publication

Chimeric oncoproteins resulting from fusion of MLL to a wide variety of partnering proteins cause biologically distinctive and clinically aggressive acute leukemias. However,the mechanism of MLL-mediated leukemic transformation is not fully understood. Dot1,the only known histone H3 lysine 79 (H3K79) methyltransferase,has been shown to interact with multiple MLL fusion partners including AF9,ENL,AF10,and AF17. In this study,we utilize a conditional Dot1l deletion model to investigate the role of Dot1 in hematopoietic progenitor cell immortalization by MLL fusion proteins. Western blot and mass spectrometry show that Dot1-deficient cells are depleted of the global H3K79 methylation mark. We find that loss of Dot1 activity attenuates cell viability and colony formation potential of cells immortalized by MLL oncoproteins but not by the leukemic oncoprotein E2a-Pbx1. Although this effect is most pronounced for MLL-AF9,we find that Dot1 contributes to the viability of cells immortalized by other MLL oncoproteins that are not known to directly recruit Dot1. Cells immortalized by MLL fusions also show increased apoptosis,suggesting the involvement of Dot1 in survival pathways. In summary,our data point to a pivotal requirement for Dot1 in MLL fusion protein-mediated leukemogenesis and implicate Dot1 as a potential therapeutic target. View Publication

Current treatment options for advanced and hormone refractory prostate cancer are limited and responses to commonly used androgen pathway inhibitors are often unsatisfactory. Our recent results indicated that sodium ionophore monensin is one of the most potent and cancer-specific inhibitors in a systematic sensitivity testing of most known drugs and drug-like molecules in a panel of prostate cancer cell models. Because monensin has been extensively used in veterinary applications to build muscle mass in cattle,the link to prostate cancer and androgen signaling was particularly interesting. Here,we showed that monensin effects at nanomolar concentrations are linked to induction of apoptosis and potent reduction of androgen receptor mRNA and protein in prostate cancer cells. Monensin also elevated intracellular oxidative stress in prostate cancer cells as evidenced by increased generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and by induction of a transcriptional profile characteristic of an oxidative stress response. Importantly,the antiproliferative effects of monensin were potentiated by combinatorial treatment with the antiandrogens and antagonized by antioxidant vitamin C. Taken together,our results suggest monensin as a potential well-tolerated,in vivo compatible drug with strong proapoptotic effects in prostate cancer cells,and synergistic effects with antiandrogens. Moreover,our data suggest a general strategy by which the effects of antiandrogens could be enhanced by combinatorial administration with agents that increase oxidative stress in prostate cancer cells. View Publication

To further clarify the transformation from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to plasma cell myeloma (PCM),we compared interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) patterns in 381 MGUS and 301 PCM patients. According to the World Health Organization and the International Myeloma Working Group,a threshold of 10% of bone marrow plasma cells separated MGUS from PCM. After magnetic activated cell sorting for CD138(+) cells,FISH succeeded in 272 of 301 (90.4%) PCM,but in only 302 of 381 (79.3%) MGUS cases (P textless 0.001). Cytogenetic alterations were more frequent in PCM (237 of 272; 87.1%) than MGUS (169 of 302; 56.0%; P = 0.0002). PCM showed a median of two cytogenetic alterations (range,0-9) and MGUS one (range,0-6). Considering only cases with a yield of plasma cells allowing five or more FISH probes,del(13)(q14) was found in 99 of 251 (39.3%) PCM but in only 59 of 267 (22.1%) MGUS (P = 0.0001),del(17p) in 15 PCM (6.0%) and in 6 MGUS (2.2%) patients (P = 0.029). A t(4;14)/IGH-FGFR3 was detected in 28 PCM (11.1%) and 5 MGUS (1.9%; P textless 0.001). The t(11;14)/IGH-CCND1 and the t(14;16)/IGH-MAF showed no significant differences. Cytomorphology detected higher numbers of plasma cells than multiparameter flow cytometry (median ratio 4.25). This study underlines the genetic heterogeneity of MGUS similar to PCM. Genetic analysis might contribute to more diversified monitoring strategies for MGUS patients. View Publication

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a candidate marker for lung cancer cells with stem cell-like properties. Immunohistochemical staining of a large panel of primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples for ALDH1A1,ALDH3A1,and CD133 revealed a significant correlation between ALDH1A1 (but not ALDH3A1 or CD133) expression and poor prognosis in patients including those with stage I and N0 disease. Flow cytometric analysis of a panel of lung cancer cell lines and patient tumors revealed that most NSCLCs contain a subpopulation of cells with elevated ALDH activity,and that this activity is associated with ALDH1A1 expression. Isolated ALDH(+) lung cancer cells were observed to be highly tumorigenic and clonogenic as well as capable of self-renewal compared with their ALDH(-) counterparts. Expression analysis of sorted cells revealed elevated Notch pathway transcript expression in ALDH(+) cells. Suppression of the Notch pathway by treatment with either a γ-secretase inhibitor or stable expression of shRNA against NOTCH3 resulted in a significant decrease in ALDH(+) lung cancer cells,commensurate with a reduction in tumor cell proliferation and clonogenicity. Taken together,these findings indicate that ALDH selects for a subpopulation of self-renewing NSCLC stem-like cells with increased tumorigenic potential,that NSCLCs harboring tumor cells with ALDH1A1 expression have inferior prognosis,and that ALDH1A1 and CD133 identify different tumor subpopulations. Therapeutic targeting of the Notch pathway reduces this ALDH(+) component,implicating Notch signaling in lung cancer stem cell maintenance. View Publication

Normal stem cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs) share similar properties,in that both have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types. In both the normal stem cell and cancer stem cell fields,there has been a great need for a universal marker that can effectively identify and isolate these rare populations of cells in order to characterize them and use this information for research and therapeutic purposes. Currently,it would appear that certain isoenzymes of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) superfamily may be able to fulfill this role as a marker for both normal and cancer stem cells. ALDH has been identified as an important enzyme in the protection of normal hematopoietic stem cells,and is now also widely used as a marker to identify and isolate various types of normal stem cells and CSCs. In addition,emerging evidence suggests that ALDH1 is not only a marker for stem cells,but may also play important functional roles related to self-protection,differentiation,and expansion. This comprehensive review discusses the role that ALDH plays in normal stem cells and CSCs,with focus on ALDH1 and ALDH3A1. Discrepancies in the functional themes between cell types and future perspectives for therapeutic applications will also be discussed. View Publication

Recent studies have demonstrated that cancer stem cells play an important role in the pathobiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). However,little is known about functional interactions between head and neck cancer stem-like cells (CSC) and surrounding stromal cells. Here,we used aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and CD44 expression to sort putative stem cells from primary human HNSCC. Implantation of 1,000 CSC (ALDH+CD44+Lin-) led to tumors in 13 (out of 15) mice,whereas 10,000 noncancer stem cells (ALDH-CD44-Lin-) resulted in 2 tumors in 15 mice. These data demonstrated that ALDH and CD44 select a subpopulation of cells that are highly tumorigenic. The ability to self-renew was confirmed by the observation that ALDH+CD44+Lin- cells sorted from human HNSCC formed more spheroids (orospheres) in 3-D agarose matrices or ultra-low attachment plates than controls and were serially passaged in vivo. We observed that approximately 80% of the CSC were located in close proximity (within 100-μm radius) of blood vessels in human tumors,suggesting the existence of perivascular niches in HNSCC. In vitro studies demonstrated that endothelial cell-secreted factors promoted self-renewal of CSC,as demonstrated by the upregulation of Bmi-1 expression and the increase in the number of orospheres as compared with controls. Notably,selective ablation of tumor-associated endothelial cells stably transduced with a caspase-based artificial death switch (iCaspase-9) caused a marked reduction in the fraction of CSC in xenograft tumors. Collectively,these findings indicate that endothelial cell-initiated signaling can enhance the survival and self-renewal of head and neck CSC. View Publication

SPARC is an extracellular matrix protein that exerts pleiotropic effects on extracellular matrix organization,growth factor availability,cell adhesion,differentiation,and immunity in cancer. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells resistant to the BCR-ABL inhibitor imatinib (IM-R cells) were found to overexpress SPARC mRNA. In this study,we show that imatinib triggers SPARC accumulation in a variety of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-resistant CML cell lines. SPARC silencing in IM-R cells restored imatinib sensitivity,whereas enforced SPARC expression in imatinib-sensitive cells promoted viability as well as protection against imatinib-mediated apoptosis. Notably,we found that the protective effect of SPARC required intracellular retention inside cells. Accordingly,SPARC was not secreted into the culture medium of IM-R cells. Increased SPARC expression was intimately linked to persistent activation of the Fyn/ERK kinase signaling axis. Pharmacologic inhibition of this pathway or siRNA-mediated knockdown of Fyn kinase resensitized IM-R cells to imatinib. In support of our findings,increased levels of SPARC mRNA were documented in blood cells from CML patients after 1 year of imatinib therapy compared with initial diagnosis. Taken together,our results highlight an important role for the Fyn/ERK signaling pathway in imatinib-resistant cells that is driven by accumulation of intracellular SPARC. View Publication