参考文献

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative condition characterized by loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Expansions of a hexanucleotide repeat (GGGGCC) in the noncoding region of the C9ORF72 gene are the most common cause of the familial form of ALS (C9-ALS),as well as frontotemporal lobar degeneration and other neurological diseases. How the repeat expansion causes disease remains unclear,with both loss of function (haploinsufficiency) and gain of function (either toxic RNA or protein products) proposed. We report a cellular model of C9-ALS with motor neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from ALS patients carrying the C9ORF72 repeat expansion. No significant loss of C9ORF72 expression was observed,and knockdown of the transcript was not toxic to cultured human motor neurons. Transcription of the repeat was increased,leading to accumulation of GGGGCC repeat-containing RNA foci selectively in C9-ALS iPSC-derived motor neurons. Repeat-containing RNA foci colocalized with hnRNPA1 and Pur-α,suggesting that they may be able to alter RNA metabolism. C9-ALS motor neurons showed altered expression of genes involved in membrane excitability including DPP6,and demonstrated a diminished capacity to fire continuous spikes upon depolarization compared to control motor neurons. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the C9ORF72 transcript suppressed RNA foci formation and reversed gene expression alterations in C9-ALS motor neurons. These data show that patient-derived motor neurons can be used to delineate pathogenic events in ALS. View Publication

There is need in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries for high-throughput human cell-based assays for identifying hazardous chemicals,thereby reducing the overall reliance on animal studies for predicting the risk of toxic responses in humans. Despite instances of human-specific teratogens such as thalidomide,the use of human cell-teratogenicity assays has just started to be explored. Herein,a human pluripotent stem cell test (hPST) for identifying teratogens is described,benchmarking the in vitro findings to traditional preclinical toxicology teratogenicity studies and when available to teratogenic outcomes in humans. The hPST method employs a 3-day monolayer directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. The teratogenic risk of a compound is gauged by measuring the reduction in nuclear translocation of the transcription factor SOX17 in mesendodermal cells. Decreased nuclear SOX17 in the hPST model was strongly correlated with in vivo teratogenicity. Specifically,71 drug-like compounds with known in vivo effects,including thalidomide,were examined in the hPST. A threshold of 5μM demonstrated 94% accuracy (97% sensitivity and 92% specificity). Furthermore,15 environmental toxicants with physicochemical properties distinct from small molecule pharmaceutical agents were examined and a similarly strong concordance with teratogenicity outcomes from in vivo studies was observed. Finally,to assess the suitability of the hPST for high-throughput screens,a small library of 300 kinase inhibitors was tested,demonstrating the hPST platform's utility for interrogating teratogenic mechanisms and drug safety prediction. Thus,the hPST assay is a robust predictor of teratogenicity and appears to be an improvement over existing in vitro models. View Publication

Magnesium (Mg) is a promising biodegradable metallic material for applications in cellular/tissue engineering and biomedical implants/devices. To advance clinical translation of Mg-based biomaterials,we investigated the effects and mechanisms of Mg degradation on the proliferation and pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We used hESCs as the in vitro model system to study cellular responses to Mg degradation because they are sensitive to toxicants and capable of differentiating into any cell types of interest for regenerative medicine. In a previous study when hESCs were cultured in vitro with either polished metallic Mg (99.9% purity) or pre-degraded Mg,cell death was observed within the first 30 hours of culture. Excess Mg ions and hydroxide ions induced by Mg degradation may have been the causes for the observed cell death; hence,their respective effects on hESCs were investigated for the first time to reveal the potential mechanisms. For this purpose,the mTeSR®1 hESC culture media was either modified to an alkaline pH of 8.1 or supplemented with 0.4-40 mM of Mg ions. We showed that the initial increase of media pH to 8.1 had no adverse effect on hESC proliferation. At all tested Mg ion dosages,the hESCs grew to confluency and retained pluripotency as indicated by the expression of OCT4,SSEA3,and SOX2. When the supplemental Mg ion dosages increased to greater than 10 mM,however,hESC colony morphology changed and cell counts decreased. These results suggest that Mg-based implants or scaffolds are promising in combination with hESCs for regenerative medicine applications,providing their degradation rate is moderate. Additionally,the hESC culture system could serve as a standard model for cytocompatibility studies of Mg in vitro,and an identified 10 mM critical dosage of Mg ions could serve as a design guideline for safe degradation of Mg-based implants/scaffolds. View Publication

We present an integrated platform comprised of a biomimetic substrate and physiologically aligned human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) with optical detection and algorithms to monitor subtle changes in cardiac properties under various conditions. In the native heart,anisotropic tissue structures facilitate important concerted mechanical contraction and electrical propagation. To recapitulate the architecture necessary for a physiologically accurate heart response,we have developed a simple way to create large areas of aligned CMs with improved functional properties using shrink-wrap film. Combined with simple bright field imaging,obviating the need for fluorescent labels or beads,we quantify and analyze key cardiac contractile parameters. To evaluate the performance capabilities of this platform,the effects of two drugs,E-4031 and isoprenaline,were examined. Cardiac cells supplemented with E-4031 exhibited an increase in contractile duration exclusively due to prolonged relaxation peak. Notably,cells aligned on the biomimetic platform responded detectably down to a dosage of 3nm E-4031,which is lower than the IC50 in the hERG channel assay. Cells supplemented with isoprenaline exhibited increased contractile frequency and acceleration. Interestingly,cells grown on the biomimetic substrate were more responsive to isoprenaline than those grown on the two control surfaces,suggesting topography may help induce more mature ion channel development. This simple and low-cost platform could thus be a powerful tool for longitudinal assays as well as an effective tool for drug screening and basic cardiac research. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd. View Publication

BACKGROUND Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection,a leading cause of birth defects,is most often manifested as neurological disorders. The pathogenesis of HCMV-induced neurological disorders is,however,largely unresolved,primarily because of limited availability of model systems to analyze the effects of HCMV infection on neural cells. METHODS An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was established from the human fibroblast line MRC5 by introducing the Yamanaka's four factors and then induced to differentiate into neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) by dual inhibition of the SMAD signaling pathway using Noggin and SB-431542. RESULTS iPSC-derived NSPCs (NSPC/iPSCs) were susceptible to HCMV infection and allowed the expression of both early and late viral gene products. HCMV-infected NSPC/iPSCs underwent apoptosis with the activation of caspase-3 and -9 as well as positive staining by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol was observed in these cells,indicating the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in their apoptosis. In addition,phosphorylation of proteins involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR),such as PKR-like eukaryotic initiation factor 2a kinase (PERK),c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK),inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1),and the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2$$) was observed in HCMV-infected NSPC/iPSCs. These results,coupled with the finding of increased expression of mRNA encoding the C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and the detection of a spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA,suggest that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is also involved in HCMV-induced apoptosis of these cells. CONCLUSIONS iPSC-derived NSPCs are thought to be a useful model to study HCMV neuropathogenesis and to analyze the mechanisms of HCMV-induced apoptosis in neural cells. View Publication

Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a major pathological protein in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). There are many disease-associated mutations in TDP-43,and several cellular and animal models with ectopic overexpression of mutant TDP-43 have been established. Here we sought to study altered molecular events in FTD and ALS by using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived patient neurons. We generated multiple iPSC lines from an FTD/ALS patient with the TARDBP A90V mutation and from an unaffected family member who lacked the mutation. After extensive characterization,two to three iPSC lines from each subject were selected,differentiated into postmitotic neurons,and screened for relevant cell-autonomous phenotypes. Patient-derived neurons were more sensitive than control neurons to 100 nM straurosporine but not to other inducers of cellular stress. Three disease-relevant cellular phenotypes were revealed under staurosporine-induced stress. First,TDP-43 was localized in the cytoplasm of a higher percentage of patient neurons than control neurons. Second,the total TDP-43 level was lower in patient neurons with the A90V mutation. Third,the levels of microRNA-9 (miR-9) and its precursor pri-miR-9-2 decreased in patient neurons but not in control neurons. The latter is likely because of reduced TDP-43,as shRNA-mediated TDP-43 knockdown in rodent primary neurons also decreased the pri-miR-9-2 level. The reduction in miR-9 expression was confirmed in human neurons derived from iPSC lines containing the more pathogenic TARDBP M337V mutation,suggesting miR-9 downregulation might be a common pathogenic event in FTD/ALS. These results show that iPSC models of FTD/ALS are useful for revealing stress-dependent cellular defects of human patient neurons containing rare TDP-43 mutations in their native genetic contexts. View Publication

Populations of cells create local environments that lead to emergent heterogeneity. This is particularly evident with human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs): microenvironmental heterogeneity limits hPSC cell fate control. We developed a high-throughput platform to screen hPSCs in configurable microenvironments in which we optimized colony size,cell density and other parameters to achieve rapid and robust cell fate responses to exogenous cues. We used this platform to perform single-cell protein expression profiling,revealing that Oct4 and Sox2 costaining discriminates pluripotent,neuroectoderm,primitive streak and extraembryonic cell fates. We applied this Oct4-Sox2 code to analyze dose responses of 27 developmental factors to obtain lineage-specific concentration optima and to quantify cell line–specific endogenous signaling pathway activation and differentiation bias. We demonstrated that short-term responses predict definitive endoderm induction efficiency and can be used to rescue differentiation of cell lines reticent to cardiac induction. This platform will facilitate high-throughput hPSC-based screening and quantification of lineage-induction bias. View Publication

Biochemical factors can help reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells,yet the role of biophysical factors during reprogramming is unknown. Here,we show that biophysical cues,in the form of parallel microgrooves on the surface of cell-adhesive substrates,can replace the effects of small-molecule epigenetic modifiers and significantly improve reprogramming efficiency. The mechanism relies on the mechanomodulation of the cells' epigenetic state. Specifically,decreased histone deacetylase activity and upregulation of the expression of WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5)—a subunit of H3 methyltranferase—by microgrooved surfaces lead to increased histone H3 acetylation and methylation. We also show that microtopography promotes a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in adult fibroblasts. Nanofibrous scaffolds with aligned fibre orientation produce effects similar to those produced by microgrooves,suggesting that changes in cell morphology may be responsible for modulation of the epigenetic state. These findings have important implications in cell biology and in the optimization of biomaterials for cell-engineering applications. View Publication

Geometric factors including the size,shape,density,and spacing of pluripotent stem cell colonies play a significant role in the maintenance of pluripotency and in cell fate determination. These factors are impossible to control using standard tissue culture methods. As such,there can be substantial batch-to-batch variability in cell line maintenance and differentiation yield. Here,we demonstrate a simple,robust technique for pluripotent stem cell expansion and cardiomyocyte differentiation by patterning cell colonies with a silicone stencil. We have observed that patterning human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) colonies improves the uniformity and repeatability of their size,density,and shape. Uniformity of colony geometry leads to improved homogeneity in the expression of pluripotency markers SSEA4 and Nanog as compared with conventional clump passaging. Patterned cell colonies are capable of undergoing directed differentiation into spontaneously beating cardiomyocyte clusters with improved yield and repeatability over unpatterned cultures seeded either as cell clumps or uniform single cell suspensions. Circular patterns result in a highly repeatable 3D ring-shaped band of cardiomyocytes which electrically couple and lead to propagating contraction waves around the ring. Because of these advantages,geometrically patterning stem cells using stencils may offer greater repeatability from batch-to-batch and person-to-person,an increase in differentiation yield,a faster experimental workflow,and a simpler protocol to communicate and follow. Furthermore,the ability to control where cardiomyocytes arise across a culture well during differentiation could greatly aid the design of electrophysiological assays for drug-screening. View Publication

Asymmetry of cell fate is one fundamental property of stem cells,in which one daughter cell self-renews,whereas the other differentiates. Evidence of nonrandom template segregation (NRTS) of chromosomes during asymmetric cell divisions in phylogenetically divergent organisms,such as plants,fungi,and mammals,has already been shown. However,before this current work,asymmetric inheritance of chromatids has never been demonstrated in differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs),and its molecular mechanism has remained unknown. Our results unambiguously demonstrate NRTS in asymmetrically dividing,differentiating human and mouse ESCs. Moreover,we show that NRTS is dependent on DNA methylation and on Dnmt3 (DNA methyltransferase-3),indicating a molecular mechanism that regulates this phenomenon. Furthermore,our data support the hypothesis that retention of chromatids with the old" template DNA preserves the epigenetic memory of cell fate View Publication