搜索结果: 'methocult media formulations for human hematopoietic cells serum containing'

The widely varying therapeutic response of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to raise questions regarding the unclarified heterogeneity of pathological mechanisms promoting disease progression. While biomarkers for the differentiation of Crohn's disease (CD) versus ulcerative colitis (UC) have been suggested,specific markers for a CD subclassification in ileal CD versus colonic CD are still rare. Since an altered signature of the tryptophan metabolism is associated with chronic inflammatory disease,we sought to characterize potential biomarkers by focusing on the downstream enzymes and metabolites of kynurenine metabolism. Using immunohistochemical stainings,we analyzed and compared the mucosal tryptophan immune metabolism in bioptic samples from patients with active inflammation due to UC or CD versus healthy controls. Localization-specific quantification of immune cell infiltration,tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme expression and mucosal tryptophan downstream metabolite levels was performed. We found generally increased immune cell infiltrates in the tissue of all patients with IBD. However,in patients with CD,significant differences were found between regulatory T cell and neutrophil granulocyte infiltration in the ileum compared with the colon. Furthermore,we observed decreased kynurenine levels as well as strong kynureninase (KYNU) expression specifically in patients with ileal CD. Correspondingly,significantly elevated levels of the kynurenine metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid were detected in the ileal CD samples. Highlighting the heterogeneity of the different phenotypes of CD,we identified KYNU as a potential mucosal biomarker allowing the localization-specific differentiation of ileal CD versus colonic CD. View Publication

The generation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from blood monocytes has been propagated as a novel approach in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and lectin binding together with endothelial marker expression are commonly used to define these EPCs. Considerable controversy exists regarding their nature,in particular,because myelomonocytic cells share several properties with endothelial cells (ECs). This study was performed to elucidate whether the commonly used endothelial marker determination is sufficient to distinguish supposed EPCs from monocytes. We measured endothelial,hematopoietic,and progenitor cell marker expression of monocytes before and after angiogenic culture by fluorescence microscopy,flow cytometry,and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The function of primary monocytes and monocyte-derived supposed EPCs was investigated during vascular network formation and EC colony-forming unit (CFU-EC) development. Monocytes cultured for 4 to 6 days under angiogenic conditions lost CD14/CD45 and displayed a commonly accepted EPC phenotype,including LDL uptake and lectin binding,CD31/CD105/CD144 reactivity,and formation of cord-like structures. Strikingly,primary monocytes already expressed most tested endothelial genes and proteins at even higher levels than their supposed EPC progeny. Neither fresh nor cultured monocytes formed vascular networks,but CFU-EC formation was strictly dependent on monocyte presence. LDL uptake,lectin binding,and CD31/CD105/CD144 expression are inherent features of monocytes,making them phenotypically indistinguishable from putative EPCs. Consequently,monocytes and their progeny can phenotypically mimic EPCs in various experimental models. View Publication

Here we describe a simple and efficient protocol for derivation of germline chimera-competent mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) from embryonic day 3.5 (E3.5) blastocysts. The protocol involves the use of early-passage mouse embryonic fibroblast feeders (MEF) and the alternation of fetal bovine serum- and serum replacement (SR)-containing media. As compared to other available protocols for mESCs derivation,our protocol differs in the combination of commercial availability of all reagents,technical simplicity and high efficiency. mESC lines are derived with approximately 50% efficiency (50 independent mESC lines derived from 96 blastocysts). We believe that this protocol could be a good starting point for (i) setting up the derivation of mESC lines in a laboratory and (ii) incorporating further steps to improve efficiency or adapt the protocol to other applications. The whole process (from blastocyst extraction to the freezing of mESC line) usually takes between 15 and 20 d. View Publication

A large number of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines have been derived worldwide since the first hESC line establishment in 1998. Despite many common characteristics,most important of which is the pluripotency,hESC lines vary significantly in their transcriptional profiles,genetic,and epigenetic state. These differences may arise both from individual genetics of the cell lines and from variations in their handling such as isolation and cultivation. In order to minimize the latter differences,the standardized protocols of cultivation and inter-laboratory comprehensive studies should be performed. In this report,we summarized our experience of derivation and characterization of hESC lines as well as of adaptation of hESCs to novel cultivation protocols. We have successfully derived five hESC lines and characterized them by previously established criteria,including expression of specific markers and the capacity to differentiate both in vitro and in vivo. Four of these lines,namely hESM01-04,were initially derived using mouse fibroblasts as a feeder and currently are maintained under feeder-free,serum-free conditions using mTeSR1 and Matrigel. The fifth line,hESMK05 was derived in feeder-free,serum-free conditions using mTeSR1 and Matrigel. Cell lines retain their pluripotent status and normal karyotype for more than 70 passages and are available to the scientific community. View Publication

Epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are thought to be essential to generate diversity of tissues during early fetal development,but these events are essentially impossible to study at the molecular level in vivo in humans. The first EMT event that has been described morphologically in human development occurs just prior to generation of the primitive streak. Because human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are thought to most closely resemble cells found in epiblast-stage embryos prior to formation of the primitive streak,we sought to determine whether this first human EMT could be modeled in vitro with pluripotent stem cells. The data presented here suggest that generating embryoid bodies from hESCs or hiPSCs drives a procession of EMT events that can be observed within 24-48 hours after EB generation. These structures possess the typical hallmarks of developmental EMTs,and portions also display evidence of primitive streak and mesendoderm. We identify PTK7 as a novel marker of this EMT population,which can also be used to purify these cells for subsequent analyses and identification of novel markers of human development. Gene expression analysis indicated an upregulation of EMT markers and ECM proteins in the PTK7+ population. We also find that cells that undergo this developmental EMT retain developmental plasticity as sorting,dissociation and re-plating reestablishes an epithelial phenotype. View Publication

BACKGROUND: The self-renewal of human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells including embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells have been reported to be supported by various signal pathways. Among them,fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) appears indispensable to maintain self-renewal of hPS cells. However,downstream signaling of FGF-2 has not yet been clearly understood in hPS cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study,we screened a kinase inhibitor library using a high-throughput alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity-based assay in a minimal growth factor-defined medium to understand FGF-2-related molecular mechanisms regulating self-renewal of hPS cells. We found that in the presence of FGF-2,an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC),GF109203X (GFX),increased ALP activity. GFX inhibited FGF-2-induced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β),suggesting that FGF-2 induced PKC and then PKC inhibited the activity of GSK-3β. Addition of activin A increased phosphorylation of GSK-3β and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) synergistically with FGF-2 whereas activin A alone did not. GFX negated differentiation of hPS cells induced by the PKC activator,phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate whereas Gö6976,a selective inhibitor of PKCα,β,and γ isoforms could not counteract the effect of PMA. Intriguingly,functional gene analysis by RNA interference revealed that the phosphorylation of GSK-3β was reduced by siRNA of PKCδ,PKCε,and ζ,the phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 was reduced by siRNA of PKCε and ζ,and the phosphorylation of AKT was reduced by PKCε in hPS cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study suggested complicated cross-talk in hPS cells that FGF-2 induced the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT,mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK-1/2 kinase (MEK),PKC/ERK-1/2 kinase,and PKC/GSK-3β. Addition of GFX with a MEK inhibitor,U0126,in the presence of FGF-2 and activin A provided a long-term stable undifferentiated state of hPS cells even though hPS cells were dissociated into single cells for passage. This study untangles the cross-talk between molecular mechanisms regulating self-renewal and differentiation of hPS cells. View Publication

Summary Direct reprogramming of adult somatic cells into alternative cell types has been shown for several lineages. We previously showed that GATA4,MEF2C,and TBX5 (GMT) directly reprogrammed nonmyocyte mouse heart cells into induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) in vitro and in vivo. However,GMT alone appears insufficient in human fibroblasts,at least in vitro. Here,we show that GMT plus ESRRG and MESP1 induced global cardiac gene-expression and phenotypic shifts in human fibroblasts derived from embryonic stem cells,fetal heart,and neonatal skin. Adding Myocardin and ZFPM2 enhanced reprogramming,including sarcomere formation,calcium transients,and action potentials,although the efficiency remained low. Human iCM reprogramming was epigenetically stable. Furthermore,we found that transforming growth factor β signaling was important for,and improved the efficiency of,human iCM reprogramming. These findings demonstrate that human fibroblasts can be directly reprogrammed toward the cardiac lineage,and lay the foundation for future refinements in vitro and in vivo. textcopyright 2013 The Authors. View Publication

The diverse progenitors that give rise to the human neocortex have been difficult to characterize because progenitors,particularly radial glia (RG),are rare and are defined by a combination of intracellular markers,position and morphology. To circumvent these problems,we developed Fixed and Recovered Intact Single-cell RNA (FRISCR),a method for profiling the transcriptomes of individual fixed,stained and sorted cells. Using FRISCR,we profiled primary human RG that constitute only 1% of the midgestation cortex and classified them as ventricular zone-enriched RG (vRG) that express ANXA1 and CRYAB,and outer subventricular zone-localized RG (oRG) that express HOPX. Our study identified vRG and oRG markers and molecular profiles,an essential step for understanding human neocortical progenitor development. FRISCR allows targeted single-cell profiling of any tissues that lack live-cell markers. View Publication

Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-kinases catalyze the synthesis of PtdIns-4-P,the immediate precursor of PtdIns-4,5-P2. Here we report the cloning of a novel,ubiquitously expressed PtdIns 4-kinase (PI4Kbeta). The 2.4-kilobase pair cDNA encodes a putative translation product of 801 amino acids which shows greatest homology to the yeast PIK1 gene. The recombinant protein exhibits lipid kinase activity when expressed in Escherichia coli,and specific antibodies recognize a 110-kDa PtdIns 4-kinase in cell lysates. The biochemical properties of PI4Kbeta are characteristic of a type III enzyme. Interestingly,both recombinant PI4Kbeta and the endogenous protein are inhibited by 150 nM wortmannin,suggesting that we have cloned the previously described PtdIns 4-kinase that is responsible for regulating the synthesis of agonist-sensitive pools of polyphosphoinositides (Nakanishi,S.,Catt,J. K.,and Balla,T. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92,5317-5321). View Publication